Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

Movement of gases

Question 2

Environmental Gas Exchange (Small Animals)

Answer 2

Some very small animals have gas exchange occurring directly with the environment (cells either exposed to environment or close enough that O2 can easily diffuse through to them

i.e. Flatworms (platyhelminthes)

Question 3

Environmental Gas Exchange (Larger Animals)

Answer 3

Gas diffuses through skin can be distributed throughout the animal by a distribution system

i..e segmented worms (annelida)

Question 4

Gills

Answer 4

Evagenated structures (outgrowths) from the animals body

Create a large amount of SA allowing for gas exchange

Contain circulatory system that removes O2, creating CO2 waster

Water enters mouth, exits the gill cover (operculum) after passing by the gills

Question 5

Protected Gills

Answer 5

Internal gills

Common in fish

Question 6

Unprotected Gills

Answer 6

External gills

Less common

Question 7

Countercurrent Exchange in Gills

Answer 7

Water and blood move in opposite direction

Maximizes amount of oxygen that enters the blood, as well as the amount of CO2 that enters the water

Question 8

Tracheae

Answer 8

Tubes lined with chitin found in insects

Permeate throughout the entire insect’s body

O2 comes in, CO2 leaves through spiracles (openings in tracheae)

Question 9

Lungs

Answer 9

Invaginated structures

Question 10

Book Lungs

Answer 10

Unique stack of membranes within a structure

Common in many types of spiders

Question 11

Passage of Oxygen into Lungs

Answer 11

Nasal Cavity—> Pharynx—-> Larynx—> Trachea—> Bronchi—-> Bronchioles—> Alveolus

Question 12

Larynx

Answer 12

Voice box containing vocal cords

Question 13

Trachea

Answer 13

Lined with cartilage

Question 14

Epiglottis

Answer 14

Covers trachea when you swallow

Question 15

Bronchi

Answer 15

Enters lung and branches into bronchioles

Question 16

Alveolus

Answer 16

Densely surrounded by blood carrying capillaries

Diffusion takes place between alveoli and blood

Alveolar sacs are moist, O2 diffuses from alveolus into moisture around membrane through the alveolar wall, into capillary, and into blood

CO2 moves in opposite direction

Question 17

Interstitial Fluid

Answer 17

Surrounds cells

Oxygen diffuses out of RBC, across capillary walls, into here before crossing membrane of cells

Question 18

Carbonic Anhydrase

Answer 18

Converts CO2 into carbonic acid in RBC,

CO2 + H2O—-> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) —-> H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Question 19

Diaphragm Contraction

Answer 19

Increases volume of lungs with assistance from intercostal muscles

Increase in volume= decrease pressure, air flows in via bulk flow

Diaphragm, intercostal muscles relax, decreases volume/increases pressure= air moves out of lungs

Question 20

Chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Located in carotid arteries (supply brain with blood)

Monitors pH of bloo

High CO2= High carbonic acid= low pH

Causes chemoreceptors to send nerve impulses directly to diaphragm to increase respiratory rate

Returns blood pH back to normal (increase in gas exchange)

Question 21

Operculum

Answer 21

Gill cover that water exits from after passing through gills

Question 22

Surfactant

Answer 22

Amphiphilic molecules

Decreases surface tension by spreading between molecules and disrupting IMF

Question 23

Shift Hb Binding Curve to the Right

Answer 23

Increase T
Increase 2,3 DPG
Increase CO2
Low pH