Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
Movement of gases
Environmental Gas Exchange (Small Animals)
Some very small animals have gas exchange occurring directly with the environment (cells either exposed to environment or close enough that O2 can easily diffuse through to them
i.e. Flatworms (platyhelminthes)
Environmental Gas Exchange (Larger Animals)
Gas diffuses through skin can be distributed throughout the animal by a distribution system
i..e segmented worms (annelida)
Gills
Evagenated structures (outgrowths) from the animals body
Create a large amount of SA allowing for gas exchange
Contain circulatory system that removes O2, creating CO2 waster
Water enters mouth, exits the gill cover (operculum) after passing by the gills
Protected Gills
Internal gills
Common in fish
Unprotected Gills
External gills
Less common
Countercurrent Exchange in Gills
Water and blood move in opposite direction
Maximizes amount of oxygen that enters the blood, as well as the amount of CO2 that enters the water
Tracheae
Tubes lined with chitin found in insects
Permeate throughout the entire insect’s body
O2 comes in, CO2 leaves through spiracles (openings in tracheae)
Lungs
Invaginated structures
Book Lungs
Unique stack of membranes within a structure
Common in many types of spiders
Passage of Oxygen into Lungs
Nasal Cavity—> Pharynx—-> Larynx—> Trachea—> Bronchi—-> Bronchioles—> Alveolus
Larynx
Voice box containing vocal cords
Trachea
Lined with cartilage
Epiglottis
Covers trachea when you swallow
Bronchi
Enters lung and branches into bronchioles
Alveolus
Densely surrounded by blood carrying capillaries
Diffusion takes place between alveoli and blood
Alveolar sacs are moist, O2 diffuses from alveolus into moisture around membrane through the alveolar wall, into capillary, and into blood
CO2 moves in opposite direction
Interstitial Fluid
Surrounds cells
Oxygen diffuses out of RBC, across capillary walls, into here before crossing membrane of cells
Carbonic Anhydrase
Converts CO2 into carbonic acid in RBC,
CO2 + H2O—-> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) —-> H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)
Diaphragm Contraction
Increases volume of lungs with assistance from intercostal muscles
Increase in volume= decrease pressure, air flows in via bulk flow
Diaphragm, intercostal muscles relax, decreases volume/increases pressure= air moves out of lungs
Chemoreceptors
Located in carotid arteries (supply brain with blood)
Monitors pH of bloo
High CO2= High carbonic acid= low pH
Causes chemoreceptors to send nerve impulses directly to diaphragm to increase respiratory rate
Returns blood pH back to normal (increase in gas exchange)
Operculum
Gill cover that water exits from after passing through gills
Surfactant
Amphiphilic molecules
Decreases surface tension by spreading between molecules and disrupting IMF
Shift Hb Binding Curve to the Right
Increase T
Increase 2,3 DPG
Increase CO2
Low pH
