Celular Respiration

Question 1

NAD+/FAD

Answer 1

Coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and TCA to ETC

Question 2

Glycolysis- Step 1

Answer 2

Glucose irreversibly trapped within the cytosol when it is converted into G6P

Catalyzed by hexokinase using 1 ATP

Question 3

Glycolysis- Step 3

Answer 3

Catalyzed by PFK

Question 4

PFK

Answer 4

Essential regulatory enzyme

Speed of this enzyme leads to regulation of rate of glycolysis

Question 5

Summary of Glycolysis

Answer 5

Glucose—> 2 PGAL (3C)—> 2 pyruvates

2 NADH produces
2 Net ATP produced through substrate level phosphorylation
2 pyruvate formed

Question 6

Acetyl CoA Formation

Answer 6

Pyruvate transported from cytosol into mitochondria

3C decarboxylated (releases CO2)

2C molecule is oxidized (NAD+ reduced to NADH), forms 2C acetyl group

2C acetyl groups combines with CoA to form acetyl CoA

Question 7

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Answer 7

Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles

Pyruvate manipulated in cytosol by PDH (made of 3 interconnected enzymes)

Produces 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2CO2

Question 8

TCA

Answer 8

Acetyl CoA+ OAA to make citrate

Produces:
3 NADH (for oxidative phosphorylation)
1 FADH2 (for oxidative phosphorylation)
1 GTP (RNA nucleoside triphosphate)
2 CO2

Question 9

ETC

Answer 9

Series of cytochromes (proteins) and iron in inner membrane of mitochondria

As electrons move down chain, give off energy as they move to lower and lower energy levels

1/2 oxygen is final electron acceptor, forms water with 2 H+

Question 10

Energy Created

Answer 10

1 NADH-> 3 ATP
1 FADHS-> 2 ATP
38 ATP produced from cellular respiration (but 2 are used to transport NADH from glycolysis across mitochondrial membrane, so 36 net produced)

Question 11

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 11

Phosphate group uses its own energy to be transferred to an ADP molecule

Question 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 12

Phosphate group added to ADP, but energy to form that bond is not from the phosphate group
Energy is from ETC and H’+ gradient

Question 13

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 13

Lack ox oxygen results in NADH accumulation and stop of cellular respiration

Anaerobic respiration regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

Question 14

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 14

1 pyruvate—> 1 CO2 + 1 acetylaldehyde

Acetylaldehyde is reduced by NADH to form ethanol

Question 15

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 15

Pyruvate reduced (gains electrons) to lactic acid/lactate

Lactate transported to liver to be converted to glucose

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Generation of glucose from non-CHO carbons
Mainly occurs in liver and kidney

Liver is the only organ that can release glucose into blood stream (has enzye that reverses the action of hexokinase)