Mitosis/Meiosis

Question 1

Stages of Interphase

Answer 1

G1 (growth)
S (Growth and duplication of DNA)
G2 (growth and prep for division)

Question 2

Formation of Mitotic Spindle

Answer 2

Prophase I
Centrosomes move to opposite poles
Microtubules in centrosome develop and increase in length (connect at kinetochore of centromere)

Question 3

MTOC

Answer 3

Microtubule organizing centers

Centosomes

Question 4

Metaphase

Answer 4

Micortubules pull apart chromosomes into 2 chromatids

Once seperated, each chromosome is considered a full chromosome (has a centromere of its own)

Question 5

Anaphase

Answer 5

Microtubules pull on split chromosome

Question 6

Cell Plate

Answer 6

In plants, vesicels from golgi form together at the plane of dividing cell

Vesicles fuse, forming cell plate, becomes PM

Question 7

Cleavage Furrow

Answer 7

In animals, microfilaments form a ring inside between dividng cells

Shortening of microfilaments causes cleavage furrow, results in cell dividing

Question 8

Synapsis

Answer 8

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Formes tetra/bivalents

Question 9

Chiasma

Answer 9

Where cross over occurs

Question 10

Synaptonemal Complex

Answer 10

Tetra with chiasmata and crossing over

Question 11

Telophase I

Answer 11

In some species, some cells undergo cytokinesis

In others, cytokinesis is delayed until after meiosis II

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can cause a cell to become cancerous

Question 13

Spores

Answer 13

Haploid cells that divide by mitosis to become a muticellular haploid structure (gametophyte)

Question 14

Meiosis in Ferns

Answer 14

Games are produced by the gametophyte becuase it is already haploid

2 gametes fuse togetehr to form a diploid sporophyte

Cells in sporophyte divide by meiosis to make haploid spores

Question 15

Sources of Genetic Variation

Answer 15

Cross Over
Independent Assortment
Random joining of Gametes

Question 16

Regulation of Cell Cycle

Answer 16

Surface to volume ratio
Genome to volume ratio
Checkpoints
CDKs
GFs
Density-Dependent Inhibition
Anchorage Dependence

Question 17

Genome to volume ratio

Answer 17

As cell grows, volume increases but genome size is constant

Cells size will exceed ability of its genome to produce sufficient amounts of materials for regulating cellular activities

Question 18

G1 Checkpoint

Answer 18

Are conditions appropriate to undergo division?

Is cell programmed to divide (if not, enters G0)

Question 19

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 19

Was DNA replication sufficiently accurate to proceed

Question 20

M Checkpoint

Answer 20

Metaphase

Did microtubules connect to kinetochores properly

Question 21

CDKs

Answer 21

Enzymes that phosphorylate and activate proteins that regulate cell cycle

Activated when bound to cyclin

Question 22

Growth Factors

Answer 22

When a cell is damage, it releases GF that can bind to a membrane receptor of another cell, causing it to divide

Question 23

Density Dependent Inhibition

Answer 23

When cell density becomes too high, cells stop dividing

Question 24

Anchorage Dependence

Answer 24

Cells need to be anchored to a surface (such as another cell) to divide