Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Interphase

A

G1 (growth)
S (Growth and duplication of DNA)
G2 (growth and prep for division)

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2
Q

Formation of Mitotic Spindle

A

Prophase I
Centrosomes move to opposite poles
Microtubules in centrosome develop and increase in length (connect at kinetochore of centromere)

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3
Q

MTOC

A

Microtubule organizing centers

Centosomes

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4
Q

Metaphase

A

Micortubules pull apart chromosomes into 2 chromatids

Once seperated, each chromosome is considered a full chromosome (has a centromere of its own)

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5
Q

Anaphase

A

Microtubules pull on split chromosome

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6
Q

Cell Plate

A

In plants, vesicels from golgi form together at the plane of dividing cell

Vesicles fuse, forming cell plate, becomes PM

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7
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

In animals, microfilaments form a ring inside between dividng cells

Shortening of microfilaments causes cleavage furrow, results in cell dividing

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8
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Formes tetra/bivalents

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9
Q

Chiasma

A

Where cross over occurs

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10
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

Tetra with chiasmata and crossing over

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11
Q

Telophase I

A

In some species, some cells undergo cytokinesis

In others, cytokinesis is delayed until after meiosis II

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12
Q

Mutations

A

Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can cause a cell to become cancerous

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13
Q

Spores

A

Haploid cells that divide by mitosis to become a muticellular haploid structure (gametophyte)

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14
Q

Meiosis in Ferns

A

Games are produced by the gametophyte becuase it is already haploid

2 gametes fuse togetehr to form a diploid sporophyte

Cells in sporophyte divide by meiosis to make haploid spores

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15
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation

A

Cross Over
Independent Assortment
Random joining of Gametes

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16
Q

Regulation of Cell Cycle

A
Surface to volume ratio
Genome to volume ratio
Checkpoints
CDKs
GFs
Density-Dependent Inhibition
Anchorage Dependence
17
Q

Genome to volume ratio

A

As cell grows, volume increases but genome size is constant

Cells size will exceed ability of its genome to produce sufficient amounts of materials for regulating cellular activities

18
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Are conditions appropriate to undergo division?

Is cell programmed to divide (if not, enters G0)

19
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Was DNA replication sufficiently accurate to proceed

20
Q

M Checkpoint

A

Metaphase

Did microtubules connect to kinetochores properly

21
Q

CDKs

A

Enzymes that phosphorylate and activate proteins that regulate cell cycle

Activated when bound to cyclin

22
Q

Growth Factors

A

When a cell is damage, it releases GF that can bind to a membrane receptor of another cell, causing it to divide

23
Q

Density Dependent Inhibition

A

When cell density becomes too high, cells stop dividing

24
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Cells need to be anchored to a surface (such as another cell) to divide