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DAT- BIO > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Body parts that resemble each other in different species

Evolved from common ancestor

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2
Q

Analagous Structures

A

Resemble each other because evolved due to similar environments

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3
Q

Darwin’s Argument For Natural Selection

A

Populations posses an enormous reproductive potential

Population sizes remain stable

Resources are limited

Much variation in heritable

Only the most fit individuals survive

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4
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Common traits favoured

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5
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favours one extreme

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6
Q

Disruptive Selection/Diversifying Selection

A

Favours extreme traits, selection against common traits

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7
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Difference in appearance of males and females

Sexual selection is a form of disruptive selection

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8
Q

Outbreeding

A

Mating with unrelated partners

Increases the possibility of mixing different alleles and creating new allele combinations

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9
Q

Hybrid Vigor/ Heterosis

A

Superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between 2 different inbred strains of plants

Superior hybrid quality results from a reduction of loci with deleterious homozygous recessive conditions and an increase in loci with heterozygote advantage

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10
Q

Frequency-dependent selection/minor advantage

A

Least common phenotype has selective advantage

Will increase in frequency

Phenotypes alternate between low and high frequencies

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11
Q

Gene Flow

A

Introduction or removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave (emigration) or enter (immigration) the population

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random increase or decrease of alleles by chance

Greater effect in smaller populations

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13
Q

Founder Effect

A

Allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are (by chance) not the same as their population of origin

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14
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

□ Population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size

□ Resulting population becomes severely vulnerable to genetic drift

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15
Q

Conditions For Genetic Equilibrium

A

All traits are selectively neutral (no natural selection)

Mutations do not occur

Population must be isolated from other populations (no gene flow)

Population is large (no genetic drift)

Mating is random

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16
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Population divided by geographical barrier

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17
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

New species formed without geographical barrier

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18
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Relatively rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor

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19
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

Zygote can’t develop

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20
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

Hybrid is sterile

21
Q

Hybrid Breakdown

A

Hybrid produce produces offspring with reduced viability or fertility

22
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

2 or more species originate from a common ancestor and becomes increasingly different over time

May be a result of allopatric or sympatric speciation or by adaptive radiation

23
Q

Convergent evolution

A

2 unrelated species that share similar traits

analagous traits

24
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

2 related species or 2 related lineages that have made similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor

25
Q

Coevolution

A

Evolution of one species in response to new adaptations in another species

26
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

Evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes

Argues fossil record is incomplete

27
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Long periods of little/no evolution that is interrupted/punctuated by geologically short periods of rapid evolution

Argues that absence of fossils revealing intermediate stages of evolution is considered data that confirms rapid evolutionary events

28
Q

Uniform Dispersion

A

Individuals spaced evenly

i.e. Plants secrete toxins to inhibit growth of nearby individuals

Animal species stake out and defend territories

29
Q

Commensalism

A

One party benefits, no effect on other party

Form of symbiosis

30
Q

Allelopathy

A

Production of biochemicals by an organism that influences the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms
Form of interference competition

31
Q

Interference Competition

A

Occurs directly between individuals via aggression

Other individuals are prevented form physically establishing themselves on a shared habitat

32
Q

Exploitation Competition

A

Occurs indirectly through depletion of a common resource

i.e. Lions and cheetahs both hunt for gazelles

If lions eat all the gazelles, will affect cheetahs

33
Q

Apparent Competition

A

Occurs when 2 species are preyed upon by the same predator

i.e. Spider and beetles hunted by owls

If spider population increases, owl population will increase, and will hunt more beetles

34
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Types of competition that occurs between members of the same species

35
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Predictable process of ecosystems changing and developing over time

Occurs in a new habitat or after a disturbance

36
Q

Primary Succession

A

Occurs after a large disturbance in an area that has never supported live

Begins with pioneer species (lichen, fungi, algae)

37
Q

Order of Colonization

A

Pioneer species—> thin soil—> vascular plants—> larger plants—> animals

38
Q

Climax Community

A

Community that has reached steady state

39
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Has supported life previously, but has had destruction following a disturbance

Similar pattern of colonization as primary succession, but begins with grasses and shrubs

40
Q

Keystone Species

A

Maintains ecological balance despite low abundance (i.e. predator)

41
Q

Anagenesis

A

Differentiation process which causes one species to evolve into a new one

42
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Speciation event allowing for the introduction of novel species from an ancestor

43
Q

Opportunistic Relationship

A

Bacteria, virus, protozoan or fungus takes advantage of opportunities to cause disease

44
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits but the other is harmed

45
Q

Cryptic Colouration

A

Organism using colouring to avoid detection by its predators

46
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Prey animal mimics a warning signal of an animal that possesses strong defenses

47
Q

Molecular Mimicry

A

Structural, functional, or immunological similarities shared between macromolecules found on infectious pathogens and in host tissues

48
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

2 species that are equally unpalatable evolve to look like each other

Predator learns to avoid one, will avoid both

DAT- BIO (41 decks)

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