Kingdom Plantae Flashcards
Diploid Sporophyte
Dominant adaptation of most plants
Cuticle
Waxy covering that prevents desiccation (drying out)
Vascular System
Allows water to be distributed throughout the plant
Removes total dependency on being surrounded by water
Allowed plants to start evolving more now that they were not dependent on water
Plant Evolution
True leaves developed as center for photosynthesis
True stems developed to provide a framework to support leaves
True roots- obtain water and anchor plant
Sperm distributed by wind or animals (pollen) rather than by water
Xylem
Specialized for water transport (specialized vascular tissue)
Phloem
Specialized for sugar transport (specialized vascular tissue)
Bryophytes
Gametes produced in gametangia
Only non tracheophytes (lack xylem and phloem- don’t have true roots, stems, leaves)
Water must be readily available
All have flagellated sperm
Most have no vascular tissue
Sporophyte usually dependent on gametophyte for survival
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Lycophyta
Tracheophytes (have xylem and phloem- true leaves, stems, roots)
Produce strobili (spore bearing)
Flagellated sperm
i..e Club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts
Pterophyta (Ferns)
Tracheophytes
Flagellated Sperm
Produce sori (clusters of sporangia)
Sporangia undergo meiosis to make spores
Pterophyta (Horsetails)
Hollow and ribbed stems joined at node
tracheophytes
Whisk Ferns
Pterophyta
Tracheophytes
Branching stems without roots
No roots or leaves (secondary loss)
Coniferophyta
Gymnosperms
No flagellated ferms
Conifers (i.e. pines, firs..etc)
Anthophyta
Flowering plants
Advanced plants that protect gametophyte inside an ovary (produces angiosperm)
No flagellated sperm
Only angiosperms produce fruits
Pistil
Female reproductive structure
Ovary (protects gametophytes)
Style
Stigma
Stamen
Male reproductive structure
Anther (pollen bearing)
Filament (stalk)
Plant Fertilization- Meiosis
Pollen lands on sticky stigma
Pollen tube grows down the style towards an ovule
2 sperm cells are inside the pollen tube
Ovules in ovary consist of a megaspore mother spore surrounded by nucleus and integument
Megaspore mother cells divides by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells (megaspores)
1 surviving megaspore divides 3 times by mitosis to produce 8 nuclei
6 nuclei undergo cytokinesis and form PM
Result is an embryo sac
Pollen Tube
Elongating cell that contains vegetative nucleus
Also called Tube nucleus
Plant Fertilization- Embryonic Sac
At the end of the micropyle end of embryonic sac are 3 cells (egg, 2 synergids)
Opposit the micropyle are 3 antipodal cells
In the middle are polar nuclei (2 hapoid nuclei)
Triploid Nucleus
Divides by mitosis to produce endosprerm providing nourishment for future development of embryo and seedling
Double fertilization
Fertilization of egg and the polar nuclei by seperate sperm nucleus
Pollen enters embryo sac through micropyle
1 sperm cell fertilizes egg, forming a diploid zygote
Nucleus of second sperm cell fuses with both polar nuclei, creates triploid nucleus
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Bryophtes
Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, Quillworts
Lycophyta
