Kingdom Plantae

Question 1

Diploid Sporophyte

Answer 1

Dominant adaptation of most plants

Question 2

Cuticle

Answer 2

Waxy covering that prevents desiccation (drying out)

Question 3

Vascular System

Answer 3

Allows water to be distributed throughout the plant

Removes total dependency on being surrounded by water

Allowed plants to start evolving more now that they were not dependent on water

Question 4

Plant Evolution

Answer 4

True leaves developed as center for photosynthesis

True stems developed to provide a framework to support leaves

True roots- obtain water and anchor plant

Sperm distributed by wind or animals (pollen) rather than by water

Question 5

Xylem

Answer 5

Specialized for water transport (specialized vascular tissue)

Question 6

Phloem

Answer 6

Specialized for sugar transport (specialized vascular tissue)

Question 7

Bryophytes

Answer 7

Gametes produced in gametangia

Only non tracheophytes (lack xylem and phloem- don’t have true roots, stems, leaves)

Water must be readily available

All have flagellated sperm

Most have no vascular tissue

Sporophyte usually dependent on gametophyte for survival

Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

Question 8

Lycophyta

Answer 8

Tracheophytes (have xylem and phloem- true leaves, stems, roots)

Produce strobili (spore bearing)

Flagellated sperm

i..e Club mosses, spike mosses, quilworts

Question 9

Pterophyta (Ferns)

Answer 9

Tracheophytes

Flagellated Sperm

Produce sori (clusters of sporangia)

Sporangia undergo meiosis to make spores

Question 10

Pterophyta (Horsetails)

Answer 10

Hollow and ribbed stems joined at node

tracheophytes

Question 11

Whisk Ferns

Answer 11

Pterophyta

Tracheophytes

Branching stems without roots

No roots or leaves (secondary loss)

Question 12

Coniferophyta

Answer 12

Gymnosperms

No flagellated ferms

Conifers (i.e. pines, firs..etc)

Question 13

Anthophyta

Answer 13

Flowering plants

Advanced plants that protect gametophyte inside an ovary (produces angiosperm)

No flagellated sperm

Only angiosperms produce fruits

Question 14

Pistil

Answer 14

Female reproductive structure

Ovary (protects gametophytes)

Style

Stigma

Question 15

Stamen

Answer 15

Male reproductive structure

Anther (pollen bearing)

Filament (stalk)

Question 16

Plant Fertilization- Meiosis

Answer 16

Pollen lands on sticky stigma

Pollen tube grows down the style towards an ovule

2 sperm cells are inside the pollen tube

Ovules in ovary consist of a megaspore mother spore surrounded by nucleus and integument

Megaspore mother cells divides by meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells (megaspores)

1 surviving megaspore divides 3 times by mitosis to produce 8 nuclei

6 nuclei undergo cytokinesis and form PM

Result is an embryo sac

Question 17

Pollen Tube

Answer 17

Elongating cell that contains vegetative nucleus

Also called Tube nucleus

Question 18

Plant Fertilization- Embryonic Sac

Answer 18

At the end of the micropyle end of embryonic sac are 3 cells (egg, 2 synergids)

Opposit the micropyle are 3 antipodal cells

In the middle are polar nuclei (2 hapoid nuclei)

Question 19

Triploid Nucleus

Answer 19

Divides by mitosis to produce endosprerm providing nourishment for future development of embryo and seedling

Question 20

Double fertilization

Answer 20

Fertilization of egg and the polar nuclei by seperate sperm nucleus

Pollen enters embryo sac through micropyle

1 sperm cell fertilizes egg, forming a diploid zygote

Nucleus of second sperm cell fuses with both polar nuclei, creates triploid nucleus

Question 21

Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

Answer 21

Bryophtes

Question 22

Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, Quillworts

Answer 22

Lycophyta