Unit 8 - Prostate Cancer Flashcards by Cat Howell

Prostate cancer is curable when…

diagnosed early

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_____ out of _____ men are diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime

1 out of 8

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_____ out of ______ men will develop invasive prostate cancer by age 60 or older

1 out of 19

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What is the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related death in US

prostate cancer

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Prostate cancer may compress urethra -> _____ _____ _____

obstructing urinary flow

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Prostate cancer:

metastasis: _____ and _____

lymph & venous channels

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Greatest risk factor of prostate cancer

age (disease of older men)

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Several mutated genes have been found that may be responsible for a man’s inherited tendency to develop prostate cancer. One of these is called _____ (_____ _____-_____ _____ _____ _____ _____). But there are many other gene mutations that may account for some cases of hereditary prostate cancer. None of these is a major cause, and more research on these genes is being done. Genetic tests are not yet available.
Men with _____ or _____ gene changes may have an increased prostate cancer risk. Mutations in these genes more commonly cause _____ and _____ cancer in women. But inherited BRCA changes probably explain only a very small number of _____ cancers.

RNASEL
formerly HPC1 -Hereditary Prostate Cancer Gene 1
BRCA1
BRCA2
breast
ovarian
prostate

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_____ to prevent prostate cancer are the topic of research

medications

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Hormones used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia show a _____% reduction of risk

25%

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Initiate discussion of prostate cancer for men at age _____

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African Americans and any whose close relative was diagnosed before age 60 -> initiate discussion at age _____

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For men at even higher risk (those with several close relatives diagnosed at an early age) -> initiate discussion at age _____

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early-stage prostate cancer is usually _____

asymptomatic

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5 urinary manifestations of prostate cancer

urgency
frequency
hesitancy
dysuria
nocturia

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_____ in the ejaculate is a manifestation of prostate cancer

hematuria

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_____ from metastasis to bones is often the initial manifestation

pain

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Definitive diagnosis of prostate is by _____

biopsy

_____ is used to guide needle biopsy of prostate cancer

ultrasonography

_____ _____ _____ (DRE) -> prostate gland nodular, fixed

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

_____-_____ _____ (PSA) -> used to diagnose, stage prostate cancer and monitor response to tratment

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

PSA is used with _____

DRE

_____ _____, _____, _____ -> to determine presence of metasases

Bone scan, MRI, CT

Grade and stage help determine _____, guide treatment decisions

prognosis

No routine screenings are endorsed because of the concern of a possible high rate of _____-_____ (detecting disease that would never have caused symptoms), along with serious side effects from prostate cancer treatment.

over-diagnosis

Are there routine prostate cancer screening guidelines for men at average risk at this time?

Not at this time

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with: - _____ _____ _____ (_____) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the _____ gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - _____ is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal PSA levels.

- Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal - PSA levels.

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with: - Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - _____-_____ _____ (_____) /Made by cells in the prostate gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal - PSA levels.

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with: - Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of _____ [less than _____ nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal - PSA levels.

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with: - Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - _____ is less effective than the PSA blood test in _____ prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal - PSA levels.

Screening for prostate cancer can be done with: - Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test with or without a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) /Made by cells in the prostate gland - Most healthy men have a small amount of PSA [less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL)] in their blood - DRE is less effective than the PSA blood test in finding prostate cancer, but it can sometimes find cancers in men with normal _____ levels.

Transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy: - _____ _____ inserted via rectum to lie adjacent to the _____ - _____ _____ biopsy needle to the prostate tissue - Tissue sample taken from _____/means of a hollow needle that is advanced and withdrawn by _____ _____ _____

- Ultrasound probe inserted via rectum to lie adjacent to the prostate - Image guided biopsy needle to the prostate tissue - Tissue sample taken from prostate/means of a hollow needle that is advanced and withdrawn by pulling a 'trigger'

Gleason Grading: - system defines the type of tissue from which the tumor _____ and the degree of tumor cells _____ their relationship to their _____ tissue - graded from _____ to _____

- system defines the type of tissue from which the tumor originated and the degree of tumor cells retain their relationship to their original tissue - graded from I to IV

Suprapubic prostatectomy: | - clients with stage III locally advanced -> surgery is _____, may be used to _____ _____

- clients with stage III locally advanced -> surgery is controversial, may be used to relieve obstrction

Prostatectomy: | - surgical intervention available for men with post prostatectomy incontinence due to...

urinary sphincter insufficiency

Androgen deprivation therapy: - used to treat _____ _____ _____ - strategies to induce androgen deprivation include _____, administration of _____ _____

advanced prostate cancer | orchiectomy, hormonal agents

Radiation therapy: - may be used as primary treatment -> _____ risk of long-term problems of _____, urinary incontinence associated with _____ - also in palliative role for clients with _____ _____

reduces impotence surgery metastatic cancer

Diagnosis for prostate cancer: - impaired _____ _____ - risk for urinary _____ - risk for stress urinary _____ - _____ dysfunction - _____

- impaired urinary elimination - risk for urinary retention - risk for stress urinary incontinence - sexual dysfunction - pain

Promote urinary elimination: - assess the degree of _____ and its effects on lifestyle - teach _____l exercises to help restore _____ - teach methods to control _____ and _____ from stress incontinence - _____ _____ attempt to prevent accidental voiding by restricting fluids - mange occasional episodes with _____ _____ worn inside underwear and changed as needed - refer to _____ _____ or a _____ specialist for additional measures - explore options such as an _____ _____ _____ - encourage verbalizing feelings about impact of _____ on quality of life

- assess the degree of incontinence and its effects on lifestyle - teach kegel exercises to help restore continence - teach methods to control dampness and odor from stress incontinence - do not attempt to prevent accidental voiding by restricting fluids - mange occasional episodes with absorbent pads worn inside underwear and changed as needed - refer to physical therapy or a continence specialist for additional measures - explore options such as an external collection device - encourage verbalizing feelings about impact of incontinence on quality of life

Promote communication related to _____ function

sexual

Surgical treatment may cause _____ _____

erectile dysfunction

Promote effective _____ management

pain

Planning: - client verbalizes concerns about, symptoms of sexual dysfunction without _____ - client maintains adequate _____ output - client lists strategies for reducing and coping with _____ _____ - client received adequate pain management to control pain within _____ levels

- client verbalizes concerns about, symptoms of sexual dysfunction without discomfort - client maintains adequate urinary output - client lists strategies for reducing and coping with urinary incontinence - client received adequate pain management to control pain within tolerable levels

Evaluation of Prostate Cancer: - client rates and reports pain before it becomes _____ - client discuses _____ _____ without anxiety or discomfort - client list _____ for managing urinary incontinence - client maintains adequate urine output without _____ related to altered urinary illumination

- client rates and reports pain before it becomes intolerable - client discuses sexual function without anxiety or discomfort - client list strategies for managing urinary incontinence - client maintains adequate urine output without complications related to altered urinary illumination