Unit 8 - Cell Regulation/Cancer Flashcards
Definition:
- increase in number of density of normal cells
Hyperplasia
Definition:
- change in normal pattern of differentiation -> dividing cells differentiate into cell types not normally found at the location in body
meaplasia
Definition:
- loss of DNA control over differentiation occurring in response to adverse conditions
Dysplasia
Definition:
- regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
anaplasia
Differences in cellular regulation have potential to become _____ compromise client health
cancerous
Cancer -> _____ in . _____: men and women born today will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives
1 in 3
Defintion:
- reducing the risks of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies
Primary prevention
Definition:
- screening and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early stage cancer to individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer
secondary prevention
Definition:
- efforts focus on monitoring for and preventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for development of secondary malignancies in cancer survivors
tertiary prevention
Non-modifiable risk factors:
- _____: genetic component such as breast, ovarian, prostate, and colon
- _____ _____ _____/ lack of healthcare coverage are associated with increased risk of developing cancer
- _____: 78% of cancer/diagnosed at age 55 or older
- _____/_____: see charts:
- _____ _____: estimated 11% cancers worldwide linked to viral infections
- genetic
- low socioeconomic status
- age
- gender
- race/ethnicity
- viral infections
Modifiable risk factors:
Lifestyle:
- increase intake of _____ and _____
- _____ how much you drink: no more than 1 drink per day (women) (2 for men)
- discourage _____
- healthy _____ throughout life
- physically _____
Physical agents:
- encourage use of _____
- test homes for _____/avoid harmful _____
- chronic irritation/______
_____ agents: breast, prostate, uterus
_____ system
Lifestyle:
- increase intake of fruits and vegetables
- limit how much you drink: no more than 1 drink per day (women) (2 for men)
- discourage smoking
- healthy weight throughout life
- physically active
Physical agents:
- encourage use of sunscreen
- test homes for radon/avoid harmful chemicals
- chronic irritation/inflammation
Hormonal agents: breast, prostate, uterus
Immune system
About _____ in _____ cancers diagnosed in us each year are related to body fatness, excess alcohol consumption and or poor nutrition and could be prevented
These same behaviors are also linked with a _____ risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes
1 in 5
lower
_____ in _____ adults in US is obese
1 in 3
_____ in _____ children age 2-19 are obese
1 in 6
Overweight and obesity are clearly associated with an increased risk of developing many cancers, including cancers of the breast in post-menopausal women, colon and rectum, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, and pancreas.They are probably associated with an _____ risk of cancer of the gallbladder; and may also be associated with an increased risk of cancers of the liver, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cancer of the cervix, cancer of the ovary, and aggressive prostate cancer.
increased
The increase in overweight and obesity noted among Americans is of particular concern for a number of population groups, including children, who are establishing lifelong behavioral patterns that affect health, and people who live in lower income neighborhoods, which are often characterized by nearby stores that lack affordable, high- quality healthy foods, and increased safety concerns that may limit opportunities for physical _____.
activity
List Warning Signs of Cancer
CAUTION
- Change in bowel or bladder function
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual discharge or abnormal bleeding
- Thickening or lump in the breast or other tissue
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in a wart or a mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
When is fever a sign of cancer
more common if is has spread
What type of cancer has this warning sign:
- unexplained weight loss
pancreas/esophagus & stomach, lung
What type of cancer has this warning sign:
- fever
leukemia/lymphona
What type of cancer has this warning sign:
- fatigue
- leukemia
- colon
- stomach
What type of cancer has this warning sign:
- pain
- colon
- bone
- testicular
- brain
What is TNM
TNM staging system:
T = tumor
N = nodes
M = metastasis
TNM staging system:
Describe Tx
can not be measured
TNM staging system:
Describe T0
no evidence of a primary tumor
TNM staging system:
Describe Tis
in situ (pre-cancer)
TNM staging system:
Describe T1, T2, T3, T4
tumor size/amount of spread to nearby
TNM staging system:
Describe Nx
nearby lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
TNM staging system:
Describe NO
lymph nodes do not contain ca
TNM staging system:
Describe N1, N2, N3
size, location, # nearby lymph nodes affected
TNM staging system:
Describe MO
no distant cancer spread
TNM staging system:
Describe M1
spread to distant organs/tissues
TNM staging system:
- once staged, then a roman number is assigned: grading/pathologic _____ of tumor cells
classification
TNM staging system:
- 3cancers that do not use this system
- Brain
- Hodgkin’s
- Lymphoma
- Some childhood
TNM staging system:
- if a tumor shrinks, (it is, it is not) referred to by the original stage
it is
Grade:For most cancers, the grade is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under the microscope. This is called_____. Grade can be important because cancers with more abnormal-looking cells tend to grow and spread _____.
The grade is usually assigned a number. In _____-_____ (well-differentiated) cancers, the cancer cells look a lot like cells from normal tissue. In general, these cancers tend to grow slowly. In high-grade (_____ differentiated) cancers, the cancer cells look very different from normal cells. High-grade cancers often tend to grow _____ and have a worse outlook, so they may need different treatments than low-grade cancers. Even when the grade doesn’t affect a cancer’s stage, it may still affect the outlook and/or treatment.
Grade 0 is in situ or pre-cancerous or at a very early
differentiation
faster
low-grade
poorly
quickly
What is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) used to treat?
several malignant and nonmalignant diseaes
Types of HSCT:
- matched donor
allogenic
Types of HSCT:
- from patient/remission
autologous
Types of HSCT:
- identical twin
syngeneic
Types of HSCT:
- high dose chemo/or total body radiation
myeloablative
Types of HSCT:
- no total destroy bone marrow ceels
nonmyeloblative
Graft-versus-host is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the _____ transplant population
allogenic
Graft-versus-host occurs when the donor lymphocytes initiate an _____ _____ against the recipient’s tissues during the beginning of engraftment
immune response
To prevent _____, patients receive immunosuppressant drugs, such as cyclosporine
GVHD
Graft-versus-host may be acute (within first _____ days) or chronic (occurring after _____ days)
100
100
_____-_____ _____is the introduction of a therapeutic gene (suicide gene) into tumor cells in an attempt to destroy them. This approach is challenging because it is difficult to identify the gene that would cause optimal tumor destruction, and patients with widespread disease would require multiple injections to treat every site of disease.
Tumor-directed therapy
_____ _____is the administration of genes that will invoke the antitumor responses of the immune system.
Active immunotherapy
_____ _____is the administration of genetically altered lymphocytes that are programmed to cause tumor destruction.
Adoptive immunotherapy
Hospice should be referred in a _____ _____
timely fashion
_____ is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to care of patients with terminal illness, their families
hospice
Hospice focuses on:
- quality of _____
- palliation of _____
- _____, spiritual care
- quality of life
- palliation of symptoms
- psychosocial, spiritual care
T/F: some side effects appear after therapy has ended
T
Manage treatment side effects
- Teach clients that some side effects appear _____ therapy has ended
- Suppression of blood cell production (can, cannot) occur
- Neutropenia is present when absolute neutrophil count is less than _____ cells/mm3 or between 500 and 1000 cells/mm3 when chemotherapy is being given and fallen levels are anticipated
- At these levels, clients will be given a _____-_____ _____
- _____ colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) may be given
- Take client’s _____, isolate from other clients, and perform serum laboratory studies as ordered
- Protect clients from _____ and be alert for hemorrhage and signs of _____
after
can
500
broad-spectrum antibiotic
Granulocyte
temperature
bruises, bleeding
Pharmacological therapy plays an important role in treating alterations of _____ _____
cellular regulation
Administration of chemotherapy required nurses to…
obtain advanced training
