Unit 13 - Fractures

Question 1

3 phases of fracture healing

Answer 1

inflammatory phase
reparative phase
remodeling phase

Question 2

Fracture Healing:
- damage causes bleeding and formation of hematoma around the injury; inflammatory cells enter the wound and degrade debris and bacteria

Answer 2

inflammatory phase

Question 3

Fracture Healing:
- osteoblasts promote formation of new bone and osteoclasts destroy dead bone, assist in synthesis of new bone -> collagen formation, calcium deposition continue

Answer 3

Reparative phase

Question 4

Fracture Healing:

- excess callus removed, new bone lain down along fracture line -> site calcified, bone reunited

Answer 4

Remodeling phase

Question 5

bone that fractures and undergoes normal healing

Answer 5

union

Question 6

fracture that shows no progress toward healing for at least 3 months

Answer 6

nonunion

Question 7

when healing process takes longer than expected

Answer 7

delayed union

Question 8

when bone fragments join in an incorrect position

Answer 8

malunion

Question 9

occurs when excess pressure in a limited space constricts structures in a compartment -> reducing circulation to muscles, nerves

Answer 9

Compartment Syndrome

Question 10

Compartment Syndrome:
- result from hemorrhage, edema in compartment following fracture, crush injury, external compression by cast that is too tight

Answer 10

Acute Compartment Syndrome

Question 11

Compartment Syndrome:

- Entrapment of _____ _____ limits tissue perfusion -> begins cycle of events that may result in _____ _____ _____

Answer 11

blood vessels

loss of limb

Question 12

Compartment Syndrome:

- Fasciotomy -> surgical intervention -> muscle fascia is cut to relieve _____

Answer 12

pressure

Question 13

Compartment Syndrome:

- incision left _____, passive ROM on extremity

Answer 13

open

Question 14

blood clot forms along intimal lining of a large vein

Answer 14

DVT

Question 15

occurs when fat globules lodge in the pulmonary vascular bed or peripheral circulation

Answer 15

fat emboli

Question 16

Signs of _____:

- neurologic dysfunction, pulmonary insufficiency, petechial rash on chest, axilla, upper arms

Answer 16

FES (Fat embolism syndrome)

Question 17

Early stabilization of _____ _____ fractures in preventive for FES

Answer 17

long bone

Question 18

fat particles or droplets that travel through the circulation

Answer 18

fat emboli

Question 19

a process by which fat emboli passes into the bloodstream and lodge within a blood vessel

Answer 19

fat embolism

Question 20

serious manifestation of fat embolism occasionally causes multi system dysfunction, the lungs are always involved and next is brain

Answer 20

Fat embolism syndrome (FES)

Question 21

infection is more likely to occur in _____ fracture than _____

Answer 21

open

closed

Question 22

infection usually result from _____ at time of injury

Answer 22

contamination

Question 23

_____ may lead to sever gas gangrene and cellulitis

Answer 23

clostridium

Question 24

metal pins and screws placed in bone above and below fracture, and then attached to a metal bar outside the skin

Answer 24

external fixation

Question 25

bone is placed in correct alignment; nails, screws, wires, plates or rods are inserted to hold bone in place

Answer 25

internal fixation (ORIF; open reduction and internal fixation)

Question 26

rigid device used to immobilize, support, and protect fractured bones and surrounding soft tissue

Answer 26

cast

Question 27

a cast is usually applied to stable fracture (before, after) reduction

Answer 27

after

Question 28

provides less support than a cast, but easily adjusted to accommodate swelling

Answer 28

splint

Question 29

often used to stabilize fresh injuries and during reparative phase of healing

Answer 29

splint

Question 30

Femoral shift fractures:

- early ambulation stimulates _____

Answer 30

healing

Question 31

RICE

Answer 31

rest
ice
compression
elevation

Question 32

used to manage open fractures with soft tissue damage

Answer 32

external fixation devices

Question 33

provide support for complicated or comminuted fractures

Answer 33

external fixation devices

Question 34

fracture of femur at the neck, head, trochanteric regions

Answer 34

hip fracture

Question 35

involve head or neck of femur

Answer 35

intracapsular fracture

Question 36

_____ fractures frequently impair flow of blood to femoral head

Answer 36

intracapsular

Question 37

involve trochanteric region

Answer 37

extracapsular fracture

Question 38

_____ fractures cause acute blood loss from vascular cancellous bone srufaces

Answer 38

extracapsular

Question 39

within the joint capsule

Answer 39

intracapsular

Question 40

outside the joint capsule

Answer 40

extracapsular