Unit 6 - Inflammation Flashcards
Defintion:
adaptive response to injury, illness that brings plasma, dissolves substances, blood cells into interstitial tissues where damage occurred
inflammation
Definition:
damaged cells, bacteria, exudate removed through phagocytosis
debridement
Is pallor a sign of inflammation
No, redness is
is pitting edema a sign of inflammation
No
6 signs of inflammation
- redness
- swelling
- warmth
- pain
- heat
- impaired function
4 S/S of systemic reaction
- fever
- increased pulse
- tachypnea
- leukocytosis (WBC > 12,000)
5 S/S of local reaction
- erythema
- warmth
- pain
- edema
- functional impairment
Describe the inflammatory process
- complex response of vascular tissues triggered by harmful stimuli
Stage 1 of inflammation
vascular and cellular responses
Stage 1 of inflammation:
- Blood vessels at site _____
- Inured tissues releases _____, _____, and _____
- Chemical mediators cause _____
- Vascular permeability _____
- Fluid, proteins, and leukocytes…
- Leukocytes -> …
- Leuko_____
- Blood vessels at site constrict
- Inured tissues releases histamines, kinines, and prostaglandins
- Chemical mediators cause hypermia
- Vascular permeability increases
- Fluid, proteins, and leukocytes leak into interstitial spaces causing edema and pain
- Leukocytes -> margination, emigration
- Leukocytosis
In the presence of an attack such as an infection, _____ WBCs are released from the bone marrow, and as WBCs move out of the bone marrow into the blood, the bone marrow (increases/decreases) its production of additional leukocytes, leading to _____.
additional
increases
leukocytosis
Instructing the client on the use of _____ razor and _____ toothbrush and assessing for bleeding and bruising would be appropriate actions for a client with decreased platelet levels, or thrombocytopenia.
electric
soft
T/F: placing a patient in reverse isolation precautions would be appropriate for the client with neutropenia
T
Defintion:
a decrease in the number of neutrophils
Neutropenia
Stage 2 of inflammation:
exudate production
- serous
- purulent
- hemorrhagic
Stage 3 of inflammation:
reparative phase
- regeneration
- fibrous tissue formation
2 parts to fibrous tissue formation:
- granulation tissue
- cicatrix
rapid release of inflammation mediators ->
anaphylaxis
Histamine and heparin work together to…
increase blood flow to injured site
- H1 and H4 receptors involved in inflammatory response
As a person grows older, there is an overall _____ in the speed and strength of the immune response
decrease = there is a decrease in the number of B cells in circulation
Describe healthy inflammatory response
activation and recruitment of WBCs to the affected site
Typical onset of rheumatoid arthritis
middle age with increased incidence among older adults
- also occurs in children and young adults
_____ or _____ Americans have increased risk for gallstone
Native or Mexican Americans
_____ _____ are more likely than caucasians to develop nephritis as a result of lupus
African Americans
Restricting fluids could cause respiratory secretions to…
thicken and hinder the client’s ability to maintain a clear airways = fluids should be encouraged
Modifiable Risk Factors: Crohn Disease: - Diet \_\_\_\_\_ in refined sugars - \_\_\_\_\_ fiber intake - smoking \_\_\_\_\_
Diet low in refined sugars
- increased fiber intake
- smoking cessation
Modifiable Risk Factor for Gallstone formation:
- _____ an appropriate weight
- diet _____ in fiber and _____ in fat
- _____ rapid weight loss
- maintain an appropriate weight
- diet high in fiber and low in fat
- avoid rapid weight loss
What affect do NSAIDS have on kidneys
nephrotoxic
T/F: keeping the client well hydrated will help prevent kidney damage
T
taking medication with food will _____ GI irritation
decrease, however preventing kidney damage is more of a priority
Taking a medication on an empty stomach will _____ GI irritation
increase
Is constipation an issue with NSAIDS?
No
_____ are important to meet the energy demands of healing, and _____ is needed for cell growth
Carbohydrates
Protein
The vegan client needs to be taught to eat _____ that provide the essential _____ _____ that can be lacking in a vegan diet
proteins
amino acids
_____ are needed in moderation for the development of cell membranes
Fats
Vitamin _, _, _, and the _-_____ vitamins are necessary to promote healing
C
K
A
B-complex
What does ESR stand for
Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate
Normal ESR for male
0-15 mm/h
Normal ESR for female
0-20 mm/h
What does CRP stand for
C-reactive protein
Serum electrolyte levels (are, are not) used to determine the presence of a systemic infection
are not
_____ is used to assess for the presence of bacteria or blood in the urine
urinalysis
An elevated WBC and 15% bands are indicative of…
an infection
Wound cultures are used to identify…
probably microorganisms
Elderly clients are at risk for increased _____ with NSAID therapy
bleeding
T/F: clients should report any abnormal bruising
T, could indicate bleeding
Are mood changes a side effect of NSAID therapy
No
should you avoid caffeine when using an NSAID
No, there is no reason for avoiding caffeine
Describe chronic inflammation of the bowel
sporadic periods of active disease (flares)
Describe Ulcerative Colitis
affects mucosa and submucosa of colon, rectum
Describe Crohn disease
usually affects terminal ileum and ascending colon
- may affect any portion of the GI tract
_____ and _____ stools are typical symptoms of ulcerative colitis.
Diarrhea and bloody stool
Is appendicitis associated with bloody stools
No and it is not usually associated with diarrhea either
the teen with Crohn disease might have _____ pain and _____, but stools usually do not have blood in them
abdominal pain and diarrhea
_____ _____ is usually seen in premature infants and not generally in an adolescent client
necrotizing enterocolitis
The client with irritable bowel syndrome is taught to maintain a _____-than-normal fluid intake to maintain hydration
higher
Ulcerative colitis:
The client’s dry patches could be due to…
fluid deficit, but would not require immediate notification
Ulcerative Colitis:
T/F Two liquid stools a day is not excessive, but the client needs to take in enough fluid to account for the stools as well as the normal fluid needs of the body
T
Ulcerative Colitis:
Moisturizing the skin is a _____ action of the client, but it does not indicate…
- positive
- does not indicate appropriate understanding of the teaching that is appropriate for this diagnosis
Ulcerative colitis usually begins at…and progresses…
begins at rectosigmoid area of anal canal and progresses proximally
Describe diarrhea with ulcerative colitis
- stool contains blood, mucus
- 6-10 bloody stools per day if severe
With both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, the client experiences periods of _____-_____ _____ with sporadic periods of _____ _____ (flares). However, each condition has differences in clinical characteristics. With UC, the client may have 5-30 diarrhea stools per day with blood and mucus. Pain associated with UC presents with cramping in the LLQ (left lower quadrant) which is relieved by _____. All other clinical manifestations are unique to _____ disease.
symptom-free remissions
active disease
defecation
Crohn
In children, bowel _____ is rare, but may be a consequence of noncompliance with the treatment, because the disease would continue to progress. Diarrhea, vomiting, and intestinal obstructions are common symptoms of Crohn and may occur even if the client is compliant with medical care.
perforation
Children suffer from _____ disease more than _____ _____
Crohn disease
ulcerative colitis
Tests to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome
- upper and lower barium studies
- colonoscopy
What is an intravenous pyelogram used to diagnose
kidney disorders
What is an upper endoscopy used to diagnose
disorders of the esophagus and stomach
A client with an ileostomy has (no, full) control over bowel movements and must always wear a collection device. The drainage tends to be liquid, but becomes paste-like with the intake of certain foods.
no
Stoma care is taught to the client after surgery, and the goal is…
for the stoma to be pink with intact skin
It is not critical that the ostomy pouch be clean and dry, particularly if the client has had a stool. A normal temperature (would, would not) be a particular goal for a client 6 weeks postoperatively. Patient with ulcerative colitis are going to have pain when they eat foods that irritate the bowel, but this is not a goal.
would not
Where is an ileostomy done
in the ileum of the small intestine
What is the purpose of a loop ileostomy
formed to eliminate feces, allow tissue healing
Describe what happens with continent ileostomy
intra-abdominal reservoir constructed and nipple valve formed
Prednisone, a corticosteroid, can cause gastric irritation. It should be administered (with, without) meals
With to reduce gastric irritation
*do not give on empty stomach
T/F: antigens in diet may stimulate exacerbation
T
