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Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) > Unit 6 - Inflammation > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Inflammation Flashcards

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1
Q

Defintion:
adaptive response to injury, illness that brings plasma, dissolves substances, blood cells into interstitial tissues where damage occurred

A

inflammation

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2
Q

Definition:

damaged cells, bacteria, exudate removed through phagocytosis

A

debridement

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3
Q

Is pallor a sign of inflammation

A

No, redness is

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4
Q

is pitting edema a sign of inflammation

A

No

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5
Q

6 signs of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • warmth
  • pain
  • heat
  • impaired function
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6
Q

4 S/S of systemic reaction

A
  • fever
  • increased pulse
  • tachypnea
  • leukocytosis (WBC > 12,000)
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7
Q

5 S/S of local reaction

A
  • erythema
  • warmth
  • pain
  • edema
  • functional impairment
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8
Q

Describe the inflammatory process

A
  • complex response of vascular tissues triggered by harmful stimuli
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9
Q

Stage 1 of inflammation

A

vascular and cellular responses

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10
Q

Stage 1 of inflammation:

  • Blood vessels at site _____
  • Inured tissues releases _____, _____, and _____
  • Chemical mediators cause _____
  • Vascular permeability _____
  • Fluid, proteins, and leukocytes…
  • Leukocytes -> …
  • Leuko_____
A
  • Blood vessels at site constrict
  • Inured tissues releases histamines, kinines, and prostaglandins
  • Chemical mediators cause hypermia
  • Vascular permeability increases
  • Fluid, proteins, and leukocytes leak into interstitial spaces causing edema and pain
  • Leukocytes -> margination, emigration
  • Leukocytosis
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11
Q

In the presence of an attack such as an infection, _____ WBCs are released from the bone marrow, and as WBCs move out of the bone marrow into the blood, the bone marrow (increases/decreases) its production of additional leukocytes, leading to _____.

A

additional
increases
leukocytosis

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12
Q

Instructing the client on the use of _____ razor and _____ toothbrush and assessing for bleeding and bruising would be appropriate actions for a client with decreased platelet levels, or thrombocytopenia.

A

electric

soft

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13
Q

T/F: placing a patient in reverse isolation precautions would be appropriate for the client with neutropenia

A

T

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14
Q

Defintion:

a decrease in the number of neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

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15
Q

Stage 2 of inflammation:

A

exudate production

  • serous
  • purulent
  • hemorrhagic
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16
Q

Stage 3 of inflammation:

A

reparative phase

  • regeneration
  • fibrous tissue formation
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17
Q

2 parts to fibrous tissue formation:

A
  • granulation tissue

- cicatrix

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18
Q

rapid release of inflammation mediators ->

A

anaphylaxis

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19
Q

Histamine and heparin work together to…

A

increase blood flow to injured site

- H1 and H4 receptors involved in inflammatory response

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20
Q

As a person grows older, there is an overall _____ in the speed and strength of the immune response

A

decrease = there is a decrease in the number of B cells in circulation

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21
Q

Describe healthy inflammatory response

A

activation and recruitment of WBCs to the affected site

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22
Q

Typical onset of rheumatoid arthritis

A

middle age with increased incidence among older adults

  • also occurs in children and young adults
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23
Q

_____ or _____ Americans have increased risk for gallstone

A

Native or Mexican Americans

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24
Q

_____ _____ are more likely than caucasians to develop nephritis as a result of lupus

A

African Americans

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25
Q

Restricting fluids could cause respiratory secretions to…

A

thicken and hinder the client’s ability to maintain a clear airways = fluids should be encouraged

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26
Q 
Modifiable Risk Factors:
Crohn Disease:
- Diet \_\_\_\_\_ in refined sugars
- \_\_\_\_\_ fiber intake
- smoking \_\_\_\_\_
A

Diet low in refined sugars

  • increased fiber intake
  • smoking cessation
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27
Q

Modifiable Risk Factor for Gallstone formation:

  • _____ an appropriate weight
  • diet _____ in fiber and _____ in fat
  • _____ rapid weight loss
A
  • maintain an appropriate weight
  • diet high in fiber and low in fat
  • avoid rapid weight loss
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28
Q

What affect do NSAIDS have on kidneys

A

nephrotoxic

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29
Q

T/F: keeping the client well hydrated will help prevent kidney damage

A

T

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30
Q

taking medication with food will _____ GI irritation

A

decrease, however preventing kidney damage is more of a priority

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31
Q

Taking a medication on an empty stomach will _____ GI irritation

A

increase

32
Q

Is constipation an issue with NSAIDS?

A

No

33
Q

_____ are important to meet the energy demands of healing, and _____ is needed for cell growth

A

Carbohydrates

Protein

34
Q

The vegan client needs to be taught to eat _____ that provide the essential _____ _____ that can be lacking in a vegan diet

A

proteins

amino acids

35
Q

_____ are needed in moderation for the development of cell membranes

A

Fats

36
Q

Vitamin _, _, _, and the _-_____ vitamins are necessary to promote healing

A

C
K
A
B-complex

37
Q

What does ESR stand for

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate

38
Q

Normal ESR for male

A

0-15 mm/h

39
Q

Normal ESR for female

A

0-20 mm/h

40
Q

What does CRP stand for

A

C-reactive protein

41
Q

Serum electrolyte levels (are, are not) used to determine the presence of a systemic infection

A

are not

42
Q

_____ is used to assess for the presence of bacteria or blood in the urine

A

urinalysis

43
Q

An elevated WBC and 15% bands are indicative of…

A

an infection

44
Q

Wound cultures are used to identify…

A

probably microorganisms

45
Q

Elderly clients are at risk for increased _____ with NSAID therapy

A

bleeding

46
Q

T/F: clients should report any abnormal bruising

A

T, could indicate bleeding

47
Q

Are mood changes a side effect of NSAID therapy

A

No

48
Q

should you avoid caffeine when using an NSAID

A

No, there is no reason for avoiding caffeine

49
Q

Describe chronic inflammation of the bowel

A

sporadic periods of active disease (flares)

50
Q

Describe Ulcerative Colitis

A

affects mucosa and submucosa of colon, rectum

51
Q

Describe Crohn disease

A

usually affects terminal ileum and ascending colon

- may affect any portion of the GI tract

52
Q

_____ and _____ stools are typical symptoms of ulcerative colitis.

A

Diarrhea and bloody stool

53
Q

Is appendicitis associated with bloody stools

A

No and it is not usually associated with diarrhea either

54
Q

the teen with Crohn disease might have _____ pain and _____, but stools usually do not have blood in them

A

abdominal pain and diarrhea

55
Q

_____ _____ is usually seen in premature infants and not generally in an adolescent client

A

necrotizing enterocolitis

56
Q

The client with irritable bowel syndrome is taught to maintain a _____-than-normal fluid intake to maintain hydration

A

higher

57
Q

Ulcerative colitis:

The client’s dry patches could be due to…

A

fluid deficit, but would not require immediate notification

58
Q

Ulcerative Colitis:

T/F Two liquid stools a day is not excessive, but the client needs to take in enough fluid to account for the stools as well as the normal fluid needs of the body

A

T

59
Q

Ulcerative Colitis:

Moisturizing the skin is a _____ action of the client, but it does not indicate…

A
  • positive

- does not indicate appropriate understanding of the teaching that is appropriate for this diagnosis

60
Q

Ulcerative colitis usually begins at…and progresses…

A

begins at rectosigmoid area of anal canal and progresses proximally

61
Q

Describe diarrhea with ulcerative colitis

A
  • stool contains blood, mucus

- 6-10 bloody stools per day if severe

62
Q

With both ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, the client experiences periods of _____-_____ _____ with sporadic periods of _____ _____ (flares). However, each condition has differences in clinical characteristics. With UC, the client may have 5-30 diarrhea stools per day with blood and mucus. Pain associated with UC presents with cramping in the LLQ (left lower quadrant) which is relieved by _____. All other clinical manifestations are unique to _____ disease.

A

symptom-free remissions
active disease
defecation
Crohn

63
Q

In children, bowel _____ is rare, but may be a consequence of noncompliance with the treatment, because the disease would continue to progress. Diarrhea, vomiting, and intestinal obstructions are common symptoms of Crohn and may occur even if the client is compliant with medical care.

A

perforation

64
Q

Children suffer from _____ disease more than _____ _____

A

Crohn disease

ulcerative colitis

65
Q

Tests to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome

A
  • upper and lower barium studies

- colonoscopy

66
Q

What is an intravenous pyelogram used to diagnose

A

kidney disorders

67
Q

What is an upper endoscopy used to diagnose

A

disorders of the esophagus and stomach

68
Q

A client with an ileostomy has (no, full) control over bowel movements and must always wear a collection device. The drainage tends to be liquid, but becomes paste-like with the intake of certain foods.

A

no

69
Q

Stoma care is taught to the client after surgery, and the goal is…

A

for the stoma to be pink with intact skin

70
Q

It is not critical that the ostomy pouch be clean and dry, particularly if the client has had a stool. A normal temperature (would, would not) be a particular goal for a client 6 weeks postoperatively. Patient with ulcerative colitis are going to have pain when they eat foods that irritate the bowel, but this is not a goal.

A

would not

71
Q

Where is an ileostomy done

A

in the ileum of the small intestine

72
Q

What is the purpose of a loop ileostomy

A

formed to eliminate feces, allow tissue healing

73
Q

Describe what happens with continent ileostomy

A

intra-abdominal reservoir constructed and nipple valve formed

74
Q

Prednisone, a corticosteroid, can cause gastric irritation. It should be administered (with, without) meals

A

With to reduce gastric irritation

*do not give on empty stomach

75
Q

T/F: antigens in diet may stimulate exacerbation

A

T

Nursing 2300 (VIcky Hansen) (64 decks)

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