Unit 7 - Immunity Flashcards
Function of immune system:
- protect body from _____ _____
- identify, destroy potentially harmful _____
- remove _____ _____
- protect body from foreign antigens
- identify, destroy potentially harmful cells
- remove cellular debris
_____ is the primary defense
skin
Leukocytes:
- primary cells in both nonspecific, specific _____ _____
- derived from _____ _____ in _____ _____
- attack, destroy anything _____ (to include cancer cells)
- can move through _____ spaces
- normal number =
- leukocytes in presence of infection =
- primary cells in both nonspecific, specific immune responses
- derived from stem cells in bone marrow
- attack, destroy anything foreign (to include cancer cells)
- can move through tissue spaces
- normal number = 4,500 - 10,000 cells/mm^3
- leukocytes in presence of infection = > 10,000/mm^3
Definition:
decrease in number of circulating leukocytes
leukopenia
Leukopenia:
- when bone marrow activity _____
- when leukocyte destruction _____
- suppressed
- increases
3 Types of leukocytes:
- granulocytes
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
Granulocytes:
- _____-_____% of total leukocytes
- derive from _____ _____ _____ of bone marrow
- _____ life span
- key role during _____ _____, infection
- 60-80% of total leukocytes
- derive from myeloid stem cells of bone marrow
- short life span
- key role during acute inflammation, infection
3 types of granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
describe neutrophils
first responder
Segmented neutrophils (or _____ ) are _____ forms and usually account for approximately _____ of total leukocytes. _____ are immature neutrophils and usually comprise _____ of leukocytes.
segs mature 55% Bands 5%
Increased neutrophils seen in _____ infections
bacterial
a _____ _____ refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood. This generally reflects early of premature release of _____ _____ from the bone marrow, the site where _____ are generated. A severe neutrophilia with left shifts is referred to as a _____ _____.
Left shift
myeloid cells
neutrophils
leukemoid reaction
How do you measure granulocytes
CBC
Type of granulocyte:
- certain allergic diseases and some asthma patients
eosinophils
Type of granulocyte:
- associated with allergic reactions, also contain some histamine
Basophils
Monocytes:
- _____-_____% of circulation leukocytes
- _____ leukocytes
- derive from _____ _____ of bone marrow
- migrate to _____, mature into _____, remain until activated
- _____cytes
- 2-3% of circulation leukocytes
- largest leukocytes
- derive from myeloid stem cells of bone marrow
- migrate to tissues, mature into macrophages, remain until activated
- histocytes
4 Types of monocytes:
- _____ cells - in the liver
- _____ macrophages
- _____ - in the brain
- activate immune response against _____ infections
- kupffer cells - in the liver
- alveolar macrophages
- micoglia - in the brain
- activate immune response against chronic infections
The client who has only a slight elevated in temperature in response to pneumonia is an example of a _____ in the expected immune response. The other clients are demonstrating an expected immune response as evidence by redness, swelling, and induration.
decline
Human _____ engulf the weakened vaccine virus as if it is dangerous and _____ stimulate the immune system to attack it.
macrophages
antigens
Lymphocytes:
- derive from _____ _____ _____ of bone marrow
- _____-_____% of circulating leukocytes
- _____, _____ cells of specific responses
- constantly circulate, monitoring for _____ _____
- derive from lymphoid stem cells of bone marrow
- 20-40% of circulating leukocytes
- effector, regulator cells of specific responses
- constantly circulate, monitoring for cancerous cells
Lymphocytes:
- _____ cells
- stay _____, sometimes for years
- activate immediately when exposed to _____ _____
- proliferate _____, intense immune response
- responsible for _____ _____
- memory cells
- stay inactive, sometimes for years
- activate immediately when exposed to same antigen
- proliferate rapidly, intense immune response
- responsible for acquired immunity
2 types of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
T Cells:
- mature in _____
- on contact with _____ (antigen presenting cells), mature into active _____T cells, _____ T cells, or _____ T cells
- mature in thymus
- on contact with APCs (antigen presenting cells), mature into active helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or memory T cells
B cells:
- mature in _____ _____
- on contact with _____, activated and mature into _____ cells of _____ cells
- create _____ after antigen encountered
- mature in bone marrow
- on contact with antigen, activated and mature into plasma cells of memory cells
- create antibodies after antigen encountered
Natural Killer cells:
- in _____, lymph nodes, bone marrow, _____
- _____% of circulating lymphocytes
- immune _____, resistance to _____
- destruction of _____ _____ cells
- in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, blood
- 15% of circulating lymphocytes
- immune surveillance, resistance to infection
- destruction of early malignant cells
Antigens: primary immune response
- B cell produces antibodies to _____ _____ _____
- _____ react specifically to that antigen
- takes _____ days
- B cell produces antibodies to eliminate extracellular antigens
- antibodies react specifically to that antigen
- takes ~3 days
Antigens: secondary immune response
- subsequent encounters with an _____ _____ _____ cell
- subsequent encounters with an antigen trigger memory cell
When an antigen is encountered in the body, two major groups of cells—_____ and _____—generate an effective immune response. _____ are recognized by a specific receptor on a lymphocyte, and an immune response is generated by those
lymphocytes. Depending on the antigen itself and the type of immune cell activated by contact with the antigen, two separate but overlapping immune responses may occur. The _____, or humoral branch of the immune system, mainly eliminates extra-
cellular antigens, such as bacteria, bacterial toxins, and free viruses, through the production of _____ (molecules that bind with the antigen and inactivate it). Antibodies are found in serum, body fluids, and certain tissues. When an individual is first exposed to an antigen, the B lymphocyte system begins to produce antibodies that react specifically to that antigen It takes approximately _____ days for this process, known as the _____ _____ _____, to occur. Subsequent encoun-ters with the antigen trigger memory cells, and the result is a secondary immune response within _____ hours.
lymphocytes APCs APCs B cell antibodies 3 primary immune response 24
5 Classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
IgM IgG IgA IgD IgE
Which antibody:
responsible for primary immunity
IgM
Which antibody:
major immunoglobulin
igG