Unit 6 - Infection Flashcards
Types of microorganisms causing infections:
- most commonly cause infection
bacteria
Types of microorganisms causing infections:
- nucleic acid, must enter living cells
viruses
Types of microorganisms causing infections:
- yeasts, molds
fungi
Types of microorganisms causing infections:
- protozoa, helminths, arthropods
parasites
what happens when infection occurs
microorganisms invade body part with ineffective defenses
4 types of infection
- local
- systemic
- acute
- chronic
Six links chain of infection:
- etiological agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit from reservoir
- method of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
Portal of Entry:
- skin is _____ to infectious agents
- break in skin can readily serve as a _____ _____ _____
- enter the body as the _____ route they left the source
- mouth, throat, nose, eyes, and genitalia are most frequent _____ _____ _____
- barrier
- portal of entry
- same
- portals of entry
3 methods of transmission
- direct
- indirect
- airborne
infants begin to synthesize immune system at _____-_____ months of age
1-3
Alterations:
- microorganisms invade human body and proliferate when they are undetected, uncontrolled, or not eliminated by the _____ and _____ responses
inflammatory and immune
_____-_____ and _____ routes are most common modes of transmission in children
Fecal-Oral and respiratory
T/F: poor hand hygiene is a common source of transmission
T
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are all types of _____
pathogens
soluble proteins that the microorganisms secrete into surrounding tissue
exotoxins
T/F: exotoxins are highly poisonous
T
exotoxins cause cell _____ or _____
death or dysfunction
Where are endotoxins found
in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
When are endotoxins released
only when the cell wall is disrupted
Stages of the infectious process:
- incubation
- prodromal stage
- illness
- convalescent stage
What happens in the carrier state
- host defenses eliminate infectious disease
- organism continues to multiply
Infections cause predictable diseases depending on the _____ _____
infecting microorganism
Complications of infectious diseases:
- typically _____ to the infecting organism and the body system affected
- _____ is a severe reaction to infection
- _____ _____ leads to diffuse cell and tissue injury and potentially to organ failure
- specific
- sepsis
- septic shock
_____ infection is the most common type of HAIs
UTI
Sources of Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)
- endogenous
- exogenous
- latrogenic
The 1994 revised HIV pediatric classification system remains the standard for determining…
clinical staging and related treatment for children with HIV.
Disinfecting:
- used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
Disinfecting:
- used on skin, tissue
antiseptic
Disinfecting:
- destroys bacteria
bactericidal agents
Disinfecting:
- prevents growth
bacteriostatic agent
T/F: sterilizing destroys all microorganisms
T
Healthcare workers can prevent most exposures to HIV by using _____ _____. With _____ _____, the healthcare professionals treat all clients alike, eliminating the need to know their HIV status. Treat all high-risk body fluids as if they are infectious, and use barrier precautions to prevent skin, mucous membrane, or percutaneous exposure to these fluids.
standard precautions
standard precautions
_____ _____ _____ is the single most important measure in infection control
effective hand washing
T/F: invasive procedures and equipment should only be used when absolutely necessary
T
T/F: Medical and surgical asepsis is necessary in preventing HAIs
T
_____ found majority of needlestick injuries preventable
NIOSH
_____ publishes and enforces regulations to protect healthcare workers for occupational injuries
OSHA
Assessing clients for infection is vital especially for clients at risk for infection such as those with…
- IV lines
- Indwelling catheters
- Surgical wounds
S/S of local infection
- edema
- heat
- tenderness
Increasing fruits and vegetables would increase Vitamin _____, which helps with wound healing, but more _____ would be the best choice
C
protein
Irrigating with hydrogen peroxide would…
break down good granulating tissue, so this would not increase healing
Applying lubricating lotion to the edges of a wound would…
impede the healing process
5 S/S of systemic infections:
- Temp.
- HR
- Energy
- Appetite
- Lymph Nodes
- fever
- increased pulse
- malaise and loss of energy
- loss of appetite and, in some situations, nausea and vomiting
- enlargement or tenderness of lymph nodes that drain area of infection
4 special considerations for infection that may cause birth defects:
- rubella
- cytomegalovirus
- parvovirus
- chicken pox
4 infections that may be transmitted to the newborn
- HIV
- Group B Streptococcus
- Cytomegalovirus
- Listeriosis
Are serum electrolyte levels used to determine the presence of a systemic infection
No
_____ is used to assess for the presence of bacteria or blood in the urine
Urinalysis
An elevated WBS and 15% bands are indicative of…
an infection
Wound cultures are used to identify…
probably microorganisms
The nurse would expect to obtain _____ cultures, administer _____, and perform _____ ______ to help clear the respiratory secretions
sputum
antibiotics
chest physiotherapy
Are bronchial washings routine testing for a client needing help clearing respiratory secretions
No
Are isolation precautions ordered for noncontagious infections
Not usually
_____ and _____ is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity
turning and repositioning
Monitoring for _____ will help reduce the risk of developing an infection because of bowel and bladder dysfunction
dehydration
Providing _____ care after episodes of bowel or bladder incontinence will ensure that the skin remain intact
hygienic
T/F: Using proper biohazard precautions after episodes of incontinence will reduce the risk of transmitting an infection
T
T/F: covering wounds with antibiotic ointment and sterile gauze is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity
T
Nursing interventions to support antibiotic therapy include encouraging an adequate _____ _____, monitoring for manifestations of an _____ _____, assessing _____ and _____ function, and assessing vital signs.
fluid intake
allergic reaction
renal and hepatic
A _____ _____ is appropriate for antimalarial medication
baseline electrocardiogram
_____ _____ is always the first and best way to stop the spread of microorganisms, which cause infections.
Hand hygiene
Raising the temperature in a client’s room would contribute to…
growth of microorganisms
Wearing a mask for all clients is not practical and is unnecessary unless…
a microorganisms is airborne and the client is in isolation
