Unit 6 - Infection

Question 1

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- most commonly cause infection

Answer 1

bacteria

Question 2

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- nucleic acid, must enter living cells

Answer 2

viruses

Question 3

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- yeasts, molds

Answer 3

fungi

Question 4

Types of microorganisms causing infections:

- protozoa, helminths, arthropods

Answer 4

parasites

Question 5

what happens when infection occurs

Answer 5

microorganisms invade body part with ineffective defenses

Question 6

4 types of infection

Answer 6

• local
• systemic
• acute
• chronic

Question 7

Six links chain of infection:

Answer 7

1. etiological agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit from reservoir
4. method of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host

Question 8

Portal of Entry:

• skin is _____ to infectious agents
• break in skin can readily serve as a _____ _____ _____
• enter the body as the _____ route they left the source
• mouth, throat, nose, eyes, and genitalia are most frequent _____ _____ _____

Answer 8

• barrier
• portal of entry
• same
• portals of entry

Question 9

3 methods of transmission

Answer 9

• direct
• indirect
• airborne

Question 10

infants begin to synthesize immune system at _____-_____ months of age

Answer 10

1-3

Question 11

Alterations:
- microorganisms invade human body and proliferate when they are undetected, uncontrolled, or not eliminated by the _____ and _____ responses

Answer 11

inflammatory and immune

Question 12

_____-_____ and _____ routes are most common modes of transmission in children

Answer 12

Fecal-Oral and respiratory

Question 13

T/F: poor hand hygiene is a common source of transmission

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are all types of _____

Answer 14

pathogens

Question 15

soluble proteins that the microorganisms secrete into surrounding tissue

Answer 15

exotoxins

Question 16

T/F: exotoxins are highly poisonous

Answer 16

T

Question 17

exotoxins cause cell _____ or _____

Answer 17

death or dysfunction

Question 18

Where are endotoxins found

Answer 18

in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

Question 19

When are endotoxins released

Answer 19

only when the cell wall is disrupted

Question 20

Stages of the infectious process:

Answer 20

1. incubation
2. prodromal stage
3. illness
4. convalescent stage

Question 21

What happens in the carrier state

Answer 21

• host defenses eliminate infectious disease

- organism continues to multiply

Question 22

Infections cause predictable diseases depending on the _____ _____

Answer 22

infecting microorganism

Question 23

Complications of infectious diseases:

• typically _____ to the infecting organism and the body system affected
• _____ is a severe reaction to infection
• _____ _____ leads to diffuse cell and tissue injury and potentially to organ failure

Answer 23

• specific
• sepsis
• septic shock

Question 24

_____ infection is the most common type of HAIs

Answer 24

UTI

Question 25

Sources of Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

Answer 25

- endogenous - exogenous - latrogenic

Question 26

The 1994 revised HIV pediatric classification system remains the standard for determining...

Answer 26

clinical staging and related treatment for children with HIV.

Question 27

Disinfecting: | - used on inanimate objects

Answer 27

disinfectant

Question 28

Disinfecting: | - used on skin, tissue

Answer 28

antiseptic

Question 29

Disinfecting: | - destroys bacteria

Answer 29

bactericidal agents

Question 30

Disinfecting: | - prevents growth

Answer 30

bacteriostatic agent

Question 31

T/F: sterilizing destroys all microorganisms

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Healthcare workers can prevent most exposures to HIV by using _____ _____. With _____ _____, the healthcare professionals treat all clients alike, eliminating the need to know their HIV status. Treat all high-risk body fluids as if they are infectious, and use barrier precautions to prevent skin, mucous membrane, or percutaneous exposure to these fluids.

Answer 32

standard precautions | standard precautions

Question 33

_____ _____ _____ is the single most important measure in infection control

Answer 33

effective hand washing

Question 34

T/F: invasive procedures and equipment should only be used when absolutely necessary

Answer 34

T

Question 35

T/F: Medical and surgical asepsis is necessary in preventing HAIs

Answer 35

T

Question 36

_____ found majority of needlestick injuries preventable

Answer 36

NIOSH

Question 37

_____ publishes and enforces regulations to protect healthcare workers for occupational injuries

Answer 37

OSHA

Question 38

Assessing clients for infection is vital especially for clients at risk for infection such as those with...

Answer 38

- IV lines - Indwelling catheters - Surgical wounds

Question 39

S/S of local infection

Answer 39

- edema - heat - tenderness

Question 40

Increasing fruits and vegetables would increase Vitamin _____, which helps with wound healing, but more _____ would be the best choice

Answer 40

C | protein

Question 41

Irrigating with hydrogen peroxide would...

Answer 41

break down good granulating tissue, so this would not increase healing

Question 42

Applying lubricating lotion to the edges of a wound would...

Answer 42

impede the healing process

Question 43

5 S/S of systemic infections: - Temp. - HR - Energy - Appetite - Lymph Nodes

Answer 43

- fever - increased pulse - malaise and loss of energy - loss of appetite and, in some situations, nausea and vomiting - enlargement or tenderness of lymph nodes that drain area of infection

Question 44

4 special considerations for infection that may cause birth defects:

Answer 44

- rubella - cytomegalovirus - parvovirus - chicken pox

Question 45

4 infections that may be transmitted to the newborn

Answer 45

- HIV - Group B Streptococcus - Cytomegalovirus - Listeriosis

Question 46

Are serum electrolyte levels used to determine the presence of a systemic infection

Answer 46

No

Question 47

_____ is used to assess for the presence of bacteria or blood in the urine

Answer 47

Urinalysis

Question 48

An elevated WBS and 15% bands are indicative of...

Answer 48

an infection

Question 49

Wound cultures are used to identify...

Answer 49

probably microorganisms

Question 50

The nurse would expect to obtain _____ cultures, administer _____, and perform _____ ______ to help clear the respiratory secretions

Answer 50

sputum antibiotics chest physiotherapy

Question 51

Are bronchial washings routine testing for a client needing help clearing respiratory secretions

Answer 51

No

Question 52

Are isolation precautions ordered for noncontagious infections

Answer 52

Not usually

Question 53

_____ and _____ is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity

Answer 53

turning and repositioning

Question 54

Monitoring for _____ will help reduce the risk of developing an infection because of bowel and bladder dysfunction

Answer 54

dehydration

Question 55

Providing _____ care after episodes of bowel or bladder incontinence will ensure that the skin remain intact

Answer 55

hygienic

Question 56

T/F: Using proper biohazard precautions after episodes of incontinence will reduce the risk of transmitting an infection

Answer 56

T

Question 57

T/F: covering wounds with antibiotic ointment and sterile gauze is an intervention to maintain tissue integrity

Answer 57

T

Question 58

Nursing interventions to support antibiotic therapy include encouraging an adequate _____ _____, monitoring for manifestations of an _____ _____, assessing _____ and _____ function, and assessing vital signs.

Answer 58

fluid intake allergic reaction renal and hepatic

Question 59

A _____ _____ is appropriate for antimalarial medication

Answer 59

baseline electrocardiogram

Question 60

_____ _____ is always the first and best way to stop the spread of microorganisms, which cause infections.

Answer 60

Hand hygiene

Question 61

Raising the temperature in a client's room would contribute to...

Answer 61

growth of microorganisms

Question 62

Wearing a mask for all clients is not practical and is unnecessary unless...

Answer 62

a microorganisms is airborne and the client is in isolation