Unikont Diversity IV

Question 1

phylum echinodermata

Answer 1

ancestra protist, eumetazoa, bilateria, deutro; ex: sea star; larvae exhibit bilateral sym; 5 part sym in adult body; internal endoskeleton made of CaCO3 w spines that project outward; water vascular system = fluid filled canals and chambers (feeding and gas extange)

Question 2

phylum chordata

Answer 2

ap, eumetazoa, bilateria, deutro; inverts and verts

Question 3

deuterostomia

Answer 3

ap, eumetz, bilateria; radial and indet cleavage; blastopore becomes anus

Question 4

chordates

Answer 4

sister group = echinodetmata; big four shared set of derived characteristic at some point in life cycle: (1) notochord (2) doral, hollow, nerve chord (3) pharyngael gill slits (4) muscular, post-anal tail

Question 5

notochord

Answer 5

firm, flexible longitudinal supporting rod; functions as internal skeleton in all chordate embrys and some adults; forerunner of backbone; loacted btwn gut and nerve chord; big 4

Question 6

dorsal, hollow, nerve chord

Answer 6

big 4; all non chordates have ventral, solid nerve chords; develops into CNS via cephalization

Question 7

pharyngeal gill slits

Answer 7

big 4; ancestor was prob suspension feeder

Question 8

muscular, post-anal tail

Answer 8

big 4; extends beyond posterior anus

Question 9

lancelets

Answer 9

basal clade of chordates; most basal group; marine suspension feeders; inverts

Question 10

tunicates

Answer 10

basal clade of chordates; invests; marine susp feeders; char by having one set of hox genes

Question 11

vertebrates chordates

Answer 11

chordate characteristis most evident during embryonic stages; adults w backone made of bone or cartilage; 2 or more sets of hox increases genetic complexity

Question 12

hagfishes and lampreys

Answer 12

basal clade of vert chordates; only living verts w/o jaws; rudimentary vertebrae made of cartilage

Question 13

gnathostomes

Answer 13

chordates w vert; jaw mouth; hinged jaw; 4 set of hox genes; basal clade: chondrichthyes

Question 14

chondrichthyes

Answer 14

basal clade of gnathostomes; acquatic; cartilage skeleton; cartilage fish (sharks, rays)

Question 15

osteichthyoes

Answer 15

chordates w vert; bony skeleton w hard matrix made of calcium phosphate; have lungs that supplement gas extange by gills; basal clade: actinoterygii

Question 16

actinopterygii

Answer 16

basal clade of osteichthyoes; acquatic, raytinned rish (trout, tune,salmon)

Question 17

lobe-finned fish

Answer 17

chordates w vert; muscular fins or limbs increase locomotion; basal clades: actinistia and dipnoi

Question 18

actinistia

Answer 18

basal clade of lobe-finned fish; coelocanths

Question 19

dipnoi

Answer 19

basal clade of lobe-finned fish; lungfish w lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods

Question 20

tetrapods

Answer 20

chordates; 4 limbs; neck; fused pelvic girdle or walking not swimming; basal clade: amphibia; amniotes

Question 21

amphibia

Answer 21

basal clade of tetrapods; 1st tetrapods; eggs must be laid in water or damp env (acquatic larvae); thin, moist, skin; frogs, salamanders

Question 22

amniotes

Answer 22

tetrapods; amniotic egg; rib-cage ventilation where lungs are specialized; amnion; reptila; birds

Question 23

amnion

Answer 23

membrane that form fluid filled sac around embryo

Question 24

reptila

Answer 24

tetrapods; amniotes; hard, dry scale w keratin (protein) for protection; ectothermic; shelled eggs laid on land

Question 25

ectothermic

Answer 25

body temp fluctuates w env (ex: lizards, snakes)

Question 26

birds

Answer 26

tetrapods; amniotes; anterior limbs = wings; feather light skeleton for flight; endothermic

Question 27

endothermic

Answer 27

maintain constant metabloic E to maintain constant body temp

Question 28

mammalia

Answer 28

tetrapods; amniotes; mammary glands that produce milk; give birth to live young; have fair and fat layer under skin to retain heat; endothermic w high metabolic rate; eff cell resp and circ sys

Question 29

monotremes

Answer 29

mammalia; lays eggs (ancestral mammals); hair and milk but no nipples; ex: platypus, echinda

Question 30

marsupials

Answer 30

mammalia; have nipples; live young; placenta; opossums, kangaroos, koalas; early birth need marsupium ("pouch)

Question 31

placenta

Answer 31

nutr and waste exchange btwn mother and embryo

Question 32

eutherians

Answer 32

mammalia; placental mammals w more complex exhange sys; long pregancies = greater embryoic dev