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Biology 116 > Nervous System Organization > Flashcards

Nervous System Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

cnidarian NS

A

simplies animals w NS: no central control organ no brain; have nerve net of interconnected nerve cells w impulses conducted in both directions that are spread throughout body

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2
Q

sea star (echinoderm) NS

A

made up nerves; central control - nerve ring; radial nerve that recieve info from MR and send to appropriate muscles

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3
Q

nerves

A

axons of multiple neurons

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4
Q

planarian (pladtyhelminthes) NS

A

bilateral; simplist CNS w brain + eyespot to detect stimuli at anterior end; ladder type NS w 2 longitudinal nerve chords w traversing nerve

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5
Q

annelids + arthropods NS

A

bilateral; complex brain w ganglie

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6
Q

ganglia

A

clust of neurons in highly organized repeated pattern

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7
Q

vert NS

A

true CNS w brain and spinal chord; true PNS w nerve and ganglia; complex NS

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8
Q

NS complexity correlation

A

dictated by org lifestyle; ex: chiton is slow moving mollusc w simple NS; ex: squid is active predator mollusc w more complex NS

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9
Q

glial cells

A

support cell w/i NS; types: ependymal, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, schwann, radial glia

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10
Q

ependymal cells

A

lines CNS cavities; char by cilia that circulate cerebrospinal fluid; glial cells

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11
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells; stimulate endothelial cells in blood vessels to form tight junction to form blod/brain barrier; in CNS; promote vasodilation near active neurons to inc O2 and glucose; help make CNS fluids by removing excess K+ and NTs

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12
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells; in CNS; pm rich in myelin; forms myelin sheath around CNS axons

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13
Q

axons

A

electrically insulated; salatory conduction

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14
Q

microglia

A

glial cells; found near CNS blood vessels; CNS immune cells; phagocytic

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15
Q

phagocytic

A

eat foregin invaders and cell debris

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16
Q

schwann cell

A

glial cells; PNS; pm rich in myelin; produce myellin sheath around PNS axons

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17
Q

radial glia

A

glial cells; function during embryonic dev to form tracks; newly formed neurons migrate from neural tube and move along tracks to correct place

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18
Q

central nervous system

A

spinal cord + brain

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19
Q

spinal cord

A

links btwn brain + rest of NS

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20
Q

SC structure

A

small central hollow canal; white matter surrounds gray matter; grey matter surround cannal

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21
Q

white matter

A

w myelin

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22
Q

grey matter

A

no myelin

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23
Q

SC functions

A

transmits impulses to and from bran; controls reflex actions: involuntary responses to stimuli, indep of brain influence, predictable + autonomic

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24
Q

knee jerk reflex

A

knee sensory receptors detect sudden strech in quad muscles; info sent to spinal cord; spinal cord integrates info: moto neurons tell quads to contract + interneurons send info to hamdstrings to relax (no brain)

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmit info to and from CNS

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26
Q

PNS composition

A

sensory receptors detect stimuli; cranial and spinal nerves

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27
Q

cranial nerves

A

from hind part of brain; innervate head and upper body; innervate head + upper body

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28
Q

spinal nerves

A

from spinal cord; innervate entire body

29
Q

PNS components

A

afferent sensory; efferent motor system

30
Q

afferent sensory

A

PNS; info towards CNS from sensory receptors; viseral and somatic components

31
Q

viseral component

A

afferent sensory PNS; internal env infor sent to CNS; unaware

32
Q

somatic component

A

afferent sensory PNS; external env infor sent to CNS; aware

33
Q

efferent motor system

A

PNS; moving away from CNS to effectors; autonomic NS and motor system

34
Q

motor system

A

efferent motor system PNS; efferent neurons to skeletal muscles; conscious control of actions; controls spinal cords reflexes

35
Q

autonomic NS

A

efferent motor system PNS; efferent neurons in glands, heart, + smooth muscles for involuntary actions; no receptors just effectors; 3 divisions: enteric, sympathetic, parasympathetic

36
Q

enteric division

A

efferent motor system PNS; autonomic NS; digestive sys; controls pancreas + gall bladder

37
Q

sympathetic division

A

efferent motor system PNS; autonomic NS; fight or flight responses in time of extreme stress; inc HR, resp rate, met rate; dilates air passages to inc O2 and glucose delivery; dec digestion bc not important rn

38
Q

parasympathetic division

A

efferet motor sys PNS; autonomic NS; rest + digest responses to conserve + restore E; dec HR, resp rate; inc digestion

39
Q

vert embryonic dev

A

embryo develop neural tube which split into posterior and anterior

40
Q

posterior nerual tube dev

A

spinal cord

41
Q

anterior neural tube dev

A

brain

42
Q

brain dev

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

43
Q

forebrain dev

A

telencephalon, diencephalon

44
Q

midbrain dev

A

mesencephalon

45
Q

hindbrain dev

A

metencephalon, myencephalon

46
Q

forebrain

A

olfactory bulb; cerebrum - complex processing and learning

47
Q

olfactory bulb

A

detects sent

48
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates sensory input

49
Q

hindbrain

A

forms cerebellum; size corelated w muscle activity

50
Q

size of brain regions in ray finned fish

A

expores env w olfaction, vision, lateral line sys: relatively large olf bulb; relatively small cerebrum bs no higher order thinking; rel large hindbrain; rel large mid brain

51
Q

cerebrum functions

A

skeletal muscle contractions for voluntary movements; center for learning, memroy, emotion, perception; higher order

52
Q

right + left hemispheres of cerebrum

A

left side percieves info from + controls movement of right side of body + vice versa

53
Q

corpus collosum

A

band of axon that allow communication btwn R/L cerebral cortices in cerebrum

54
Q

inner portion of cerebrum

A

white matter; myelinated

55
Q

outer portion of cerebrum

A

grey matter; unmyelinated; cerebral cortex w convolutions and fissures

56
Q

cerebral cortex

A

part of cerebrum; 4 regions: frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe

57
Q

frontal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex; motor cortex - skeletal muscle; prefrontal cortex - decision making and planning; Broca’s area - motor speech, talking

58
Q

temporal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex; auditory lobe - hearing; wernicke’s area - lang comprehension

59
Q

occipital lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex; visual cortex - recieves and analyzes visual info; visual associations cortex - combines images and object recognition

60
Q

parietal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex; sensory associations cortex - integrates sensory info; somato sensory cortex - interprete sensory info from skin, body awareness

61
Q

body part representation

A

neurons arranged according to part of body that generates sensory input or recieves moto commands; cerebral cortex

62
Q

cerebellum

A

back of brain; coordination of movement, balance, learning, memory, motor skills; reieves info about position of joints + length of muscles; monitor motor commands from cerebellum - hand eye coordination; recieves info from auditory + visual sys

63
Q

diencephalon

A

divison of thalamus and hypothalamus

64
Q

thalamus

A

main input center for sensory info going to cerebellum; sends info to appropriate ceneters for processing

65
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates pitutiary gland + basic drives (thrist, sex, rage, hunger); link NS w Es for homeostasis

66
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain; pons, medulla

67
Q

midbrain of brain stem

A

recieves + integrates sensory info; sends to specific brain regions

68
Q

pons

A

brain stem; resp + sleep center

69
Q

medulla

A

brain stem; sits on top + is continuous w spinal cord; control center for: resp, HR, BP

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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