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Biology 116 > Blood/Immunity > Flashcards

Blood/Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

blood

A

approx 5L; functions: transport nutr + hormones via CS, pathogen defense + immunity; composition: many cell w/i fluid (plasma): RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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2
Q

plasma

A

55% of blood (92% water) = liquid portion non cellular; proteins; blood electrolytes

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3
Q

plasma proteins

A

help regulate distribution of fluid btwn plasma + ISF act as buffers; inc osmotic pressure + fluid returns to cap; albumin; immunoglobulins; apolipoproteins; fibrinogens

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4
Q

albumin

A

regulates pH; fluid balance: blood + ISF

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5
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies; defense against antibodies

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6
Q

apolipoproteins

A

lipids transport; vital bc lipids = insoluble, need to be bound to protein

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7
Q

fibrinogens

A

blood clotting

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8
Q

blood electrolytes

A

inorganic salts; buffers against pH changes (pH 7.4); maintain osmotic balance; in ISF as well

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9
Q

cellular compents

A

produced in bone marrow of certain bones; ribs, vert, sternum, pelvis; multipotent stem cells w/i bone marrow: stems cell undifferentialed; multipotent can differentiate to any blood cell

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10
Q

MSC divide

A

one daughter cell differentiates; other remain stem cell so don’t run out of stem cells

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11
Q

erthrocytes

A

RBCs; #1 job = carry + deliver O2; most numerous of all blood cells 120 day lifespan; lack mitochondria use anaerobic metabolism to get ATP don’t use O2 for themselves; flexible biconave discs: concaved on both side, high SA, elastic internal framework easily move through tiny caps + tiny diameters; lack nuclei oly fully differentiated; must transport O2: utilize Hb, O2 transport protein w/i RBC, gives blood red color

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12
Q

erythrocyte production

A

controlled by EPO hormones; EPO produced in kidney via neg feedback system sensitive to amnt of O2 reaching tissues; not enough O2: kidney produces more EPO, EPO stimulates BM to produce more RBC, kidney + EPO not making RBC; too much O2: kidney produces less EPO, BM produces less RBC

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13
Q

blood clotting steps

A

(1) platelet plug formation = temporary clot (2) fibrin clot formation = stronger, permanent clot

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14
Q

anticlotting factors

A

thrombus

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15
Q

platelet plug formation

A

bv damage; constrict by dec bloodflow; collagen fibers sticking out @ damaged area; platelets w/i blood stick to collagen fibers; forms a physical block; platelets release attractants; recruit even more platelets to area make platelets sticky; forms platelet plug = temporary plug

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16
Q

fibrin clot formation

A

clotting factors also released by platelets damaged cells; prothrombin = plasma protein produced in liver + need vit K, to thrombin = enz catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen (soluble PP) to fibrin (insol); fibrin molecules polmerize to fibrin polymer; long threads of fibrin stick to damaged vessel; traps blood cells + platelets; forms fibrin clot = permanent

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17
Q

hemophilia

A

> 30 clotting factors, if missing any leads to hemophilia; ex: hemo A, missing CF7

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18
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

normal bv: very smooth lining, minimal resistance, smooth blood flow, damage can cause lining to roughen leads to atherosclerosis

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19
Q

atheroscelerosis

A

hardening of arteries due to fatty deposit accumulation

20
Q

cholesterol

A

travels in blood as a particle w lots of molecules + bound lipids to protein

21
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein; delivers cholesterol to cells for mem production; keep this low

22
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein; picks up exces cholesterol returns to liver; keep this high

23
Q

inflamation

A

damage to arterial ining; leukocytes (WBCs) attracted to inflamed area take up lipids like cholesterol; may produce plaque, begins to grow; fatty deposit w fiberous tissue not flexible; as plaque grows arterial walls thicken + stiffen artery obstruction

24
Q

thrombus

A

blockage

25
Q

heart attack

A

myocardial infarction; blockage of coronary arteries by plaque or thrombi; arteries deliver O2 rich blood to heart blockage leads to damage of cardiac muscle causes heart attack

26
Q

stroke

A

death of nervous tissue in brain due to lack of O2; may be due to arterial thrombus blockage

27
Q

immune system

A

defense sys; protects against pathogens + foreign molecules; pathogen = disease causing agent; all animals w internal defense complexity varies

28
Q

innate immunity

A

general protection against pathogens; can’t distinguish one pathogen from another; mechanisms always work the same way regardless of who invader is; deters wide range of pathogens via: preventing entry into body or quickly destorying upon entry

29
Q

adaptive immunity

A

acquired immunity; specific responses directed towards specific antigens

30
Q

antigens

A

molecules recognized by immune cells as foreign

31
Q

barrier defenses in inverts

A

chitin exoskeleton acts as effective shield also lines intestine, ingested pathogen can’t go very far; utilizes lysozymes breaks down bacterial cell wall causes osmotic lysis of bac

32
Q

internal immune defenses in inverts

A

hemocytes = cell w/i hemolymph circ fluid; phagocytosis + secrete antimicrobia peptides: short AA peptides, circ throughout, disrupts pathogen pm

33
Q

fungal pathogen in inverts

A

recognition proteins bind to fungal cell wall; activates protein Toll receptor on hemocytes; signal transduction nucleus produces antimicrobial peptides to kill fungi

34
Q

bacterial pathogen in inverts

A

diff recognition protein activated; produces diff peptides effective @ killing bac

35
Q

mammal barrier defenses

A

deny pathogen entry into host; non specific anatomical barrier; physical chemical; skin + mucuos lining

36
Q

skin

A

physical barrier: intact skin impenetrable, already inhabited by harmless microorg, good takes up real estate no room for bad guys to land + repro; chem barrier: oil + sweat gland w pH = 3-5 not hospitable for many orgs

37
Q

mucuos lining

A

in urinary, repro digestive, resp; produces mucus = viscous lining, traps particles; in resp tract = ciliated epithelial cells sweep away mucus + trapped particles upwards away from lungs; contains lysozymes enz break down bac cell wall

38
Q

cellular innate defenses in mammals

A

destory pathogens that get in; phagocytosis; natural killer cells

39
Q

phagocytosis

A

cells ingest pathogens; see flowchart

40
Q

neutrophils

A

arrive @ infected tissue by leaving bc attracted by chemotaxis

41
Q

dendrite cells

A

intissues contecting env

42
Q

macrophages

A

some migrate throughout; others stay @ specific site ex: lymph nodes

43
Q

esosinophils

A

beneath muscosal surfaces

44
Q

natural killer cells (NK)

A

circ throughout; recognizes non self surface proteins + cancer/virus cell; indirect attack; release chem causing cell death

45
Q

antimicrobial peptides + proteins

A

interferons secreted proteins that kill virus infected cells prevents spread; complement system: approx 30 diff plasma proteins, circ in blood inactive, activated when they contac pathogen surfaces, leads to lysis of pathogen

46
Q

inflammatory response

A

inflammation = activated via tissue damage; heat, redness, swelling (edema), pain; local response may sometimes invovle whole body; fever: inc BT, inc phagocytic act, disrupts microorg growth; see flowchart

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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