Blood/Immunity

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

approx 5L; functions: transport nutr + hormones via CS, pathogen defense + immunity; composition: many cell w/i fluid (plasma): RBCs, WBCs, platelets

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

55% of blood (92% water) = liquid portion non cellular; proteins; blood electrolytes

Question 3

plasma proteins

Answer 3

help regulate distribution of fluid btwn plasma + ISF act as buffers; inc osmotic pressure + fluid returns to cap; albumin; immunoglobulins; apolipoproteins; fibrinogens

Question 4

albumin

Answer 4

regulates pH; fluid balance: blood + ISF

Question 5

immunoglobulins

Answer 5

antibodies; defense against antibodies

Question 6

apolipoproteins

Answer 6

lipids transport; vital bc lipids = insoluble, need to be bound to protein

Question 7

fibrinogens

Answer 7

blood clotting

Question 8

blood electrolytes

Answer 8

inorganic salts; buffers against pH changes (pH 7.4); maintain osmotic balance; in ISF as well

Question 9

cellular compents

Answer 9

produced in bone marrow of certain bones; ribs, vert, sternum, pelvis; multipotent stem cells w/i bone marrow: stems cell undifferentialed; multipotent can differentiate to any blood cell

Question 10

MSC divide

Answer 10

one daughter cell differentiates; other remain stem cell so don’t run out of stem cells

Question 11

erthrocytes

Answer 11

RBCs; #1 job = carry + deliver O2; most numerous of all blood cells 120 day lifespan; lack mitochondria use anaerobic metabolism to get ATP don’t use O2 for themselves; flexible biconave discs: concaved on both side, high SA, elastic internal framework easily move through tiny caps + tiny diameters; lack nuclei oly fully differentiated; must transport O2: utilize Hb, O2 transport protein w/i RBC, gives blood red color

Question 12

erythrocyte production

Answer 12

controlled by EPO hormones; EPO produced in kidney via neg feedback system sensitive to amnt of O2 reaching tissues; not enough O2: kidney produces more EPO, EPO stimulates BM to produce more RBC, kidney + EPO not making RBC; too much O2: kidney produces less EPO, BM produces less RBC

Question 13

blood clotting steps

Answer 13

(1) platelet plug formation = temporary clot (2) fibrin clot formation = stronger, permanent clot

Question 14

anticlotting factors

Answer 14

thrombus

Question 15

platelet plug formation

Answer 15

bv damage; constrict by dec bloodflow; collagen fibers sticking out @ damaged area; platelets w/i blood stick to collagen fibers; forms a physical block; platelets release attractants; recruit even more platelets to area make platelets sticky; forms platelet plug = temporary plug

Question 16

fibrin clot formation

Answer 16

clotting factors also released by platelets damaged cells; prothrombin = plasma protein produced in liver + need vit K, to thrombin = enz catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen (soluble PP) to fibrin (insol); fibrin molecules polmerize to fibrin polymer; long threads of fibrin stick to damaged vessel; traps blood cells + platelets; forms fibrin clot = permanent

Question 17

hemophilia

Answer 17

> 30 clotting factors, if missing any leads to hemophilia; ex: hemo A, missing CF7

Question 18

cardiovascular disease

Answer 18

normal bv: very smooth lining, minimal resistance, smooth blood flow, damage can cause lining to roughen leads to atherosclerosis

Question 19

atheroscelerosis

Answer 19

hardening of arteries due to fatty deposit accumulation

Question 20

cholesterol

Answer 20

travels in blood as a particle w lots of molecules + bound lipids to protein

Question 21

LDL

Answer 21

low density lipoprotein; delivers cholesterol to cells for mem production; keep this low

Question 22

HDL

Answer 22

high density lipoprotein; picks up exces cholesterol returns to liver; keep this high

Question 23

inflamation

Answer 23

damage to arterial ining; leukocytes (WBCs) attracted to inflamed area take up lipids like cholesterol; may produce plaque, begins to grow; fatty deposit w fiberous tissue not flexible; as plaque grows arterial walls thicken + stiffen artery obstruction

Question 24

thrombus

Answer 24

blockage

Question 25

heart attack

Answer 25

myocardial infarction; blockage of coronary arteries by plaque or thrombi; arteries deliver O2 rich blood to heart blockage leads to damage of cardiac muscle causes heart attack

Question 26

stroke

Answer 26

death of nervous tissue in brain due to lack of O2; may be due to arterial thrombus blockage

Question 27

immune system

Answer 27

defense sys; protects against pathogens + foreign molecules; pathogen = disease causing agent; all animals w internal defense complexity varies

Question 28

innate immunity

Answer 28

general protection against pathogens; can't distinguish one pathogen from another; mechanisms always work the same way regardless of who invader is; deters wide range of pathogens via: preventing entry into body or quickly destorying upon entry

Question 29

adaptive immunity

Answer 29

acquired immunity; specific responses directed towards specific antigens

Question 30

antigens

Answer 30

molecules recognized by immune cells as foreign

Question 31

barrier defenses in inverts

Answer 31

chitin exoskeleton acts as effective shield also lines intestine, ingested pathogen can't go very far; utilizes lysozymes breaks down bacterial cell wall causes osmotic lysis of bac

Question 32

internal immune defenses in inverts

Answer 32

hemocytes = cell w/i hemolymph circ fluid; phagocytosis + secrete antimicrobia peptides: short AA peptides, circ throughout, disrupts pathogen pm

Question 33

fungal pathogen in inverts

Answer 33

recognition proteins bind to fungal cell wall; activates protein Toll receptor on hemocytes; signal transduction nucleus produces antimicrobial peptides to kill fungi

Question 34

bacterial pathogen in inverts

Answer 34

diff recognition protein activated; produces diff peptides effective @ killing bac

Question 35

mammal barrier defenses

Answer 35

deny pathogen entry into host; non specific anatomical barrier; physical chemical; skin + mucuos lining

Question 36

skin

Answer 36

physical barrier: intact skin impenetrable, already inhabited by harmless microorg, good takes up real estate no room for bad guys to land + repro; chem barrier: oil + sweat gland w pH = 3-5 not hospitable for many orgs

Question 37

mucuos lining

Answer 37

in urinary, repro digestive, resp; produces mucus = viscous lining, traps particles; in resp tract = ciliated epithelial cells sweep away mucus + trapped particles upwards away from lungs; contains lysozymes enz break down bac cell wall

Question 38

cellular innate defenses in mammals

Answer 38

destory pathogens that get in; phagocytosis; natural killer cells

Question 39

phagocytosis

Answer 39

cells ingest pathogens; see flowchart

Question 40

neutrophils

Answer 40

arrive @ infected tissue by leaving bc attracted by chemotaxis

Question 41

dendrite cells

Answer 41

intissues contecting env

Question 42

macrophages

Answer 42

some migrate throughout; others stay @ specific site ex: lymph nodes

Question 43

esosinophils

Answer 43

beneath muscosal surfaces

Question 44

natural killer cells (NK)

Answer 44

circ throughout; recognizes non self surface proteins + cancer/virus cell; indirect attack; release chem causing cell death

Question 45

antimicrobial peptides + proteins

Answer 45

interferons secreted proteins that kill virus infected cells prevents spread; complement system: approx 30 diff plasma proteins, circ in blood inactive, activated when they contac pathogen surfaces, leads to lysis of pathogen

Question 46

inflammatory response

Answer 46

inflammation = activated via tissue damage; heat, redness, swelling (edema), pain; local response may sometimes invovle whole body; fever: inc BT, inc phagocytic act, disrupts microorg growth; see flowchart