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Biology 116 > Plant Diversity II > Flashcards

Plant Diversity II Flashcards

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1
Q

reduced gametopytes in seed plants

A

microspore; developed from w/i sporangia of parental sporophyte (2n); competely dependent on sporophyte gen; sporophyte = dom period; provides protection from stress/harsh env conditions; supplies nutr to gameotphyte

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2
Q

ovule & egg production in seed plants

A

gymnosperms; ovule; angiosperms; integument

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3
Q

gymnosperms

A

megasporangium surrounded by 1 integument

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4
Q

ovule

A

megasporangium & megaspore & integument

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5
Q

angiosperms

A

megasporangium surrounded by 2 integuments

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6
Q

integument

A

layers of sporo tissue that forms seeds coat and surround and protects megasporangium which devlops into megaspore to female gameotphyte and produces one or more eggs

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7
Q

heterospory in seed plants

A

produces both megaspore (female gametophyte) and microspore (male gametophyte) which are protected by sporophyte

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8
Q

pollen & sperm production in seed plants

A

microsporangium develops into microspore to pollen grain; sporopollenin w/i pollen grain wall protects male gametophytes; on land sperm no dep on water for dispersal so no flagella bc colonize dry habitats

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9
Q

pollen grain

A

male gameto enclosed w/i pollen wall; 2 cells: tube cell & generative cell

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10
Q

tube cell

A

produces pollen tube

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11
Q

generative cell

A

produces sperm

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12
Q

seedless plants repro

A

spore is only protectant stage; vunerable to env stress; single celled spore fending for itself; shorter life span bc no stored food

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13
Q

seed plants repro

A

multi cell seed; embryo protected by seed coat; protect and stored nutr allows to be dormant for long time

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14
Q

gymnosperms

A

produce “naked” seeds; exposed on sporophylls and produce cones (strobili); most conifers; wind pollinators

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15
Q

conifers

A

cone bearing plants; pines, firs, redwoods

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16
Q

pine life cycle

A

pine tree = mature sporophyte; sporangia on scale-like structures densely packed in cones (on sporophyte); 2 types of cones: pollen & ovulate; pollination then fert

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17
Q

pollen cone

A

microsporocytes; produce microspore (n) via meiosis; each microspore develops into pollen grain into male gametophyte

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18
Q

ovulate cone

A

each cone scale w/ 2 ovules; each ovule w/ megasporangium

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19
Q

pollination in gymnosperms

A

polen grain reachs ovule; pollen grain germinates; tube cell w/i pollen grain produces pollen tube; pollen tube digests through to megasporangium

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20
Q

megasporangium in gymnosperms

A

while pollen tube is growing activity w/i megasporangium; megasporocyte produces 4 hap cells via meisosis; one cell survives to become megaspore; megaspore develops into gemale gametophyte; female gameto w/ 2 or 3 archegonia; each archegonia produces egg

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21
Q

fertilization in gymnosperms

A

one pollen tube reach archegonia, sperm cell is fullly dev; fert w egg to produce diploid zygote; fert initiates surrounding ovule structure to become seed

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22
Q

seed

A

embryo (2n) + food + seed coat

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23
Q

cycadophyta

A

phyla of gymnosperms; most endangered of all plant spp due to habitat destruction

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24
Q

gingkophyta

A

phyla of gymnosperms; only one spp: Gingko bibloba; deciduous tree w fan like leaves that tolerate air polluation (popular in cities)

25
Q

gnetophyta

A

phyla of gymnosperms; ephedera; gretum; welwitschia

26
Q

ephedera

A

gnetophyta; 40 spp; arid regions; cultivate ephedrine (decongestant)

27
Q

gretum

A

gnetophyta; 35 spp; tropical; Afria & Asia

28
Q

welwitschia

A

gnetophyta; only 1 spp; W.Mirabilis = SW Africa long life span large leaves

29
Q

coniferophyta

A

phyla of gymnosperms; largest phyla; woody cones; evergreen; no deciduous

30
Q

angiosperms

A

only one phylum: Anthophyla; wind and animal pollinators

31
Q

anthophyla

A

phylum of angiosperms; seed palnts w/ flowers and fruits; most widespread; 250K spp

32
Q

flowers

A

specialized structures for sexual repro; specialized shoots (things above ground); 4 types of sporophylls called flower organs: sepais, petals; stamin; carpal

33
Q

sepais

A

flower organ; at flower based; usually green; enclose flower before it open; sterile flower organ = don’t produce sperm/egg

34
Q

petals

A

flower organ; sterile organ; most brightly colored to attract pollinators that can help transfer pollen; wind pollinated flowers w no bright colors bc they use wind

35
Q

stamin

A

flower organ; produces microspores that develop into pollen grain (male gametophyte); consists of filament (sterile) and anther

36
Q

anther

A

terminal sac in stamin where pollen is produced

37
Q

carpal

A

flower organ; produces megaspores (fem gameto); “container” = seeds are enclosed, key structure that distinguishes gymno vs. angio bc gymno don’t have it; single or multiple dep on plant type

38
Q

stigma

A

flower organ; sticky tip that recieves pollen; pollen sticks here

39
Q

style

A

flower organ; leads from stigma to ovary`

40
Q

ovary

A

flower organ; one or more ovules; ovule fert becomes seed

41
Q

complete flower

A

4 floral organs

42
Q

incomplete flower

A

lacks on or more floral organs

43
Q

fruits

A

as seed develops in ovule ovary walls thicken and develop into fruit

44
Q

purpose of fruits

A

protects seed; adaptions aid in seed dispersal

45
Q

dispersal by wind

A

maple seeds enclosed in fruits; fruit propels w windq

46
Q

dispersal by water

A

ex: coconuts

47
Q

dispersal by animals

A

attracted to edible fruits; ingests & digests fleshy party and seed w tough seed coat passes through digestive tract and is defecated out (dispersal)

48
Q

female gametophyte in angiosperms

A

ovary w one or more ovules; each ovule = megasporangium (2n); 4 hap megaspores via meiosis: 3 disintegrate 1 funcational goes through 3 mitotic divisions to create 8 haploid nuclei; mature gameto = embryo sac w 7 cells and 8 hap nuclei; 6 cells w single nuclei: 1 egg cell, 3 antipotal cells (disintegrate), 2 synergid cells (disintegrate); central cell w 2 nuclei

49
Q

synergid cels

A

release chemicals critical in p ollen tube growth direction

50
Q

central cell

A

2 nuclei; egg cell and central cell directly in fert

51
Q

male gametophyte in angiosperms

A

anther w microsporangia (2n); microsporocytes undergo meiosis; microspore develop into pollen grains (immature male gmaeto); tube cell = pollen tube; generative cell undergoes mitosis and develops 2 sperm cells

52
Q

pollination in angiosperms

A

pollen grains released from anther and carried to sticky stigma; pollen grain lands, absorbs water stimulates germination; tube cell produces pollen tube; pollent ube grows down style twoard ovary; penetrates through microphyle = pore in ovule integuments; two sperm cells discharged into female gametophyte

53
Q

cross fertilization

A

most angio have mech to ensure cross-fert; in some spp stamen & carpals of one flower may mature at diff times; some self pollinate; in other spp stamen & carpal arranged so self poll cannot occur; genetic var

54
Q

double fertilization (only in angio)

A

1 sperm ferts 1 egg = diploid zygote; 2nd sperm fuse w/ 2 nuclei in central cell = triploid cells; after double fert ovule matures into seed

55
Q

zygote

A

develops into sporophyte w rudimentary root and one or two cotyledons (seed leaves)

56
Q

triploid cell

A

develops into endosperm = tissue rich in start and other nutr to nourish developing embryo

57
Q

basal angiosperms

A

Amborella = base of tree, shrub like; water lillies (acquatic); star anise

58
Q

magnoliis lineage

A

angio; 8000 spp; ex: magnolia & black pepper plants

59
Q

monocots & eudicots

A

angio; monocots = 1/4 all angio spp; eudicots = 1/3 all angio spp

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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