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Biology 116 > Development II > Flashcards

Development II Flashcards

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1
Q

cleavage

A

cels divide very rapidlly w no time for growth so cell = v small; rate of cell division slows down

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2
Q

morphogenesis

A

change of shape of an organism; cellular + tissue based processes so animal body will take shape; occurs in last 2 stages of embryonic dev = gastrulation and organogenesis

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3
Q

gastrulation

A

morphological process; gastula w embryonic germ layers

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4
Q

morphological process of gastrulation

A

hollow ball of blastomeres undergos gastrulation to morph into layers embryo (gastrula)

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5
Q

gastrula

A

embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer

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7
Q

endoderm

A

lines embryonic digestive tact/cavity

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

btwn ecto and endo

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9
Q

diploblasts

A

only endo and ect; ex: radial sym orgs (cnidarians)

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10
Q

triploblasts

A

all 3 germ layers dev; vert and bilaterally sym orgs

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11
Q

sea urch gastrulation

A

cell migration; invagination; 2nd opening develops into mout (deuterostomes); archenteron dev from invag + becomes deeps, narrows dev blind ended tube future digestive tract/gut of org; blastopore - open end of archenteron dev into anus

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12
Q

cell migration

A

during gastrulation cells move w/i dev gastrula; local cellular interactions via long distance migration

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13
Q

invagination

A

folding inwards; infolding of a sheet of cells into embryo

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14
Q

sea urch gast seq of events

A

(1) vegetal pole w mesenchyme cell undergoes cell mig into blastocoel some will later secrete CaCO3, forms simple internal skeleton (2) at veg pole other cell slighten fallten and cause VP to buckle inwards invag into embryo (3) endoderm cells form archenteron (future DT) (4) blastopore (open end = anus) fuses w blastocoel wall, site of fusion dev mouth opening and creates complete dig tube w both mouth + anus

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15
Q

mesenchyme cell in sea urch gast

A

at tip of archenteron produce filopodia that eventually contract and drag archenteron across blastocoel

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16
Q

filopodia

A

thin cell extensions that extend toward blastocoel wall

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17
Q

frog gastrulation

A

verts w 3 germ layers; blastopore - open end of archenteron dev into anus; frog and other bilater verts w dorsal, venral, posterior, R/L, anterior all arise and dev during gastrulation; cells move to begin gastrulation

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18
Q

chick gastrulation

A

lots of yolk presence so simple gatrulation can’t happen at vegetal hemi; 2 layered embryo (hypoblast, epiblast) at beginning of gast w both on top of yolk mass; primitive streak

19
Q

hypoblast

A

lower layer; directly on top of yolk mass

20
Q

epiblast

A

upper layer; contains cells that form the embryo proper

21
Q

primitive streak fate

A

some cells move downward toward yolk mass and push hypoblast cells arise to form endoderm; other cells migrate laterally to form mesoderm

22
Q

organogenesis

A

organ formation while increasing embryo size; neurolation

23
Q

neurolation

A

cells from dorsal mesoderm form notochord; induction; neural plat; neural tube

24
Q

notochord

A

flexible, longitudial rod; internal skeleton of embryo

25
Q

induction

A

certain cells will stimulate/influence differentiation of neighboring cells; developing notochord induce neighboring overing ectoderm which thickens to form neural plate

26
Q

neural tube defects

A

ancephaly - no forebrain; spina bifia; due to folic acid deficiency

27
Q

neural plate

A

embryonic region that become the nervous sys; plate rolls up, forms neural tube; doral hollow nerve chord in chordates

28
Q

neural tube

A

develops into CNS; anterior portion is brain; remainder grow/dev into spinal chord

29
Q

neural crest formation

A

band of cells that dev along borders where NT pinched off ectoderm; cells migrate diffparts of embryo to form a variety of tissues (ex: nerves, teeth, skull bones)

30
Q

somites

A

block of cells in mesoderm lateral to notochord; organize body’s structure; seg body of humans (vertebrae, ribs, muscles)

31
Q

1st trimester maternal changes

A

implated embryo in endometrium secretes hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin); first 2-4 wks embryo gets nutr from endometrium (thickened w gland for nutr fluid); trophoblast mingles/mixed w endometrium to form placenta; breasts enlarge; mucus plug forms; placental and uterine growht; ovulation/mentstural cycle cease; nausea

32
Q

hCG

A

minics LH; maintains corpus lutem, prevents distinegration; CL produces estradiol and progesterone

33
Q

placenta

A

organ of exchange btwn mother and embryo; nutr, O2, waste removed, embryo connected via umbilical cord

34
Q

1st tripmester embryonic changes

A

main period of organogenesis by 8 wks all major structures dev now called fetus; not all embryos successfuly complete dev: sponataneously stop dev due to chromosomal dev abnormalities;

35
Q

twins

A

inner cell mass (EP) may split during 1st moth into 2 groups of dev cells; 2 eggs released and fert

36
Q

ectopic preg

A

fert egg implants in oviduct

37
Q

monozygotic twins

A

genetically identical

38
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

39
Q

2nd trimester

A

lots of growth; active fetus; large uterus

40
Q

3rd trimester

A

even more grow + fetus fills up all space of mem; final tissue and organ differentiation; full term fetus after 37 wks (approx 6.6 lbs 20 inches); prematurity: born before 37 wks

41
Q

birth day

A

about 266 days; 38 wks; 9 months after fert

42
Q

3 stages of labor

A

dilation - cervix thins, opens up for fetus; delivery - expusion of baby; placental delivery - placenta exists body

43
Q

childbrith

A

begins w labor; rhythmic uterine contractions to push fetus and placenta out of body; hormones prosteglandins, estradiol, oxytocin guide this

44
Q

postnatal care

A

lactation

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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