Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 116 > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

systems

A

roots: below ground; shoot: above ground (stem, leaves,flower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cells

A

basic functional unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tissues

A

group of line cells, cummulative function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 tissue systems

A

dermal, vascular, ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

organs

A

all 3 tissue system; stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

root system functions

A

anchors to ground; absoption of material taken up through roots; storage of carbs produced and stored here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

root system structures

A

primary root; lateral roots; root hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary root

A

originates in seed embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lateral roots

A

grow and branch off of primary root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

root hairs

A

thin finger like extensions of root epidermal cells; increases SA, increases absorption, increases mineral nutr. uptake; near tips of elongating roots; old roots don’t have hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epidermal cells

A

outer covering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

shoot system

A

steam, leaves, flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stem organ functions

A

bear leaves and buds; elongate/orient shoot to maximize light uptake for photosyn by leves; eleveates repro structure, pollen and fruit doesn’t devevlop on ground bc stem makes them grow higher up and aids in dispersal; photosyn in stem sometimes must have green stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stem organ structures

A

nodes, axilary buds, internodes, apical bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nodes

A

point hwere leaves are attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

axilary buds

A

form lateral branches; lots of things grow outwards, more light, more photosyn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

internodes

A

stem structures btwn nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

apical bud

A

growing shoot tip; lots of young shoots develop here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

leaves organ functions

A

main photosyn organ in most vascular plants; capture light; gas extange site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

leaves organ structures

A

blade, petiole stalk, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

blade

A

flattened part of leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

petiole stalk

A

joins leaf to stem @ node; not in all plants (ex: many grasses w/o petiole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

veins

A

vascular tissue for conduction and support; patterns btwn monocots and dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vein pattern in monocots

A

parallel major veins w same diameter as leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vein pattern in eudicots

A

branched network arises from midrib down middle of leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

dermal tissue system

A

outer protective covering of org to defend against pathogens and physical damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

dermal ts in non woody plants

A

epidermis = single layer of tightly packed cells; cuticle that covers epidermis and prevents water loss (waxy covering)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

dermal ts in woody plants

A

epidermis replaced by periderm in older regions of stem and root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

function of dermal ts

A

absorption at root hairs; guard cells; some plants w characteristic trichomes, relect excess sunlight found in desert spp to decrease H2O loss, insect defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

trichomes

A

specialized epidermal cells in shoots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ground tissue system

A

majority of plant composition; variety of cells w variet of functions: storage, support, photosyn, short distance transport; 2 types: pith, cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

pith

A

ground ts, internal vascular tissue w/i stele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cortex

A

ground ts, external to overall vascualr sys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vascular ts functions

A

transport materials/move through plant body; support to prevent falling cover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

2 main types of vt

A

xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and disscolved material upwards; absportion of H2O in roots conduction to shoots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

phloem

A

conducts sugar made in leaves througout body (dissolved sugars); bi-directional; sugar made in leaves dwn to roots for use/storge (active transport); sugar stored in roots moved up to other parts for growth/maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

stele

A

all vas tissue of root/stem; var in arrangement depending on spp

39
Q

root stele in angiosperms

A

solid central cylinder w X and P

40
Q

stem/leaf stele in angiosperms

A

vasucalr bundles w/ X and P

41
Q

success of plants

A

ability to gather resources from their env and transport materials to where they are needed

42
Q

vascular plant adaptions

A

acquistion of H2O, minerals, light, CO2; transport of H2O, minerals, sugars

43
Q

key to plant success

A

balancing tradeoff btwn maximizing photosyn and minimizing H2O loss

44
Q

long distance transport of H2O/minerals (bulk flow)

A

movement of liquid in response to pressure gradient indep. of concentration gradient; occurs w/i tracheid and vessel elements (xylem) and sieve tube elements (phloem); much faster than diffusion or active transport; 3 mechanisms of bulk flow: transpiration, cohension tension hyp, stomata opening/closing

45
Q

transpiration

A

lose water vapor through leaves and other aerial parts so must be replaced by water transported up from roots; transports H2O/min. from roots to shoots via xylem; in xylem use bulk flow to transport H2O/min. through vein of leaves via H2O loss in transpiration

46
Q

flow of transpiration

A

unidirectional movement of H2O: H2O/min from soil, root epidermis (root tissue), root cortex (root xylem), (vascular cylinder, xylem) stem xylem, leaf xylem, leaf mesophyll, stomata, atmosphere

47
Q

cohension tension hyp.

A

bulk flow of H2O/min.; transpiration creates tension and causes H2O cohesion to pull H2O froom roots to shoots

48
Q

transpiraton steps

A

leaf cells lose H2O; creates tension; H20from stem xylem moves to leaves; H20 from roots xylem moves to stem xylem

49
Q

cohesion/adhesion

A

transpirational pull can extend down to roots only via unbroken chain H2O molecules

50
Q

cohesion

A

H2O sticks to itself via H bonding and form unbroken columns

51
Q

adhesion

A

H2O sticks to cellulose in xylem cel walls due to H bonding and adheres to wall of all xylem cells

52
Q

mesophyll

A

ground tissue; upper layer w columnar cells for photosyn; lower layer w loosly arranged cells for gas extange

53
Q

epidermis

A

dermal tissue; upper and lower structues covered by cuticle to reduce H2O loss

54
Q

stomata

A

dermal tissue; control gas extange; open in day for photosyn; closed at night/drought

55
Q

stomata opening and closing

A

bulk flow of H2O/min.; each stomata w pair of guard cell to change shape due to H2O movement; into GC: tugid, bends to open pore; out of GC: flacid, collapses to close pore; 98% H2O loss through stomata

56
Q

stomata opening/closing mechanism

A

blue light tiggers H+ pumps in GC membrance; pumps H+ out of cell; gradient drives facilliated diffusion of K+ into GC; Cl- other neg ions follow; [solute] higher inside GC; H2O moves into GC via osmosis; GC = tugid bends; changes shape; pore opens; H2O loss; transpiration/cohesion

57
Q

photosyn

A

produces sugar; converted o glucose

58
Q

phloem sap

A

acqueous solu high in surose, AAs, hormones, minerals

59
Q

translocation

A

“food transport”; sugar source to sugar sink

60
Q

sugar source

A

area w excess sugar (ex: leaf), sugar in loaded into phloem, high PG

61
Q

sugar sink

A

area of storage/metabolism (ex: roots, seeds); sugar is unloaded from phloem, low PG

62
Q

pressue flow hyp.

A

translocation of dissolved sugar in phloem occurs via pressure gradient; PG btwn source and sink

63
Q

pressure flow mechanism in source

A

leaf: sucrose via photosyn moves into companion cells, active transport loads sucrose into seed tube element of phloem; STE: [solute] increases (hypertonic to xylem), H20 into STP from xylem via osmosis creates high pressure and pushes sugar sol. to lower pressure

64
Q

pressure flow mechanism in sink

A

unloading; sugar move out STE into sink cell via active transport; pressure in STE increases (less neg.), STE now hypotonic to xylem, H2O moves out of STE to xylem via osmosis; STE back to “normal” ready to be reloaded

65
Q

plant growth

A

characterized by intermediate growth (growth throughout plant’s life, usually continuous unless dormant)

66
Q

meristems

A

composed of cells that form new cells via mitosis

67
Q

primary growth

A

activity of apical meristems at tips of roots and shoots; increase in stem/root length, roots=extend, stem=taller; all plants

68
Q

secondary growth

A

in lateral meristems: vascular combium, cork cambium (increases girth); produces wood and bark of plant; in gymno & woody angio

69
Q

vascular combium

A

adds layers of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem; secondary growth

70
Q

cok cambium

A

replaces epidermis w periderm (much thicker); secondary growth

71
Q

plant hormones

A

organic ompounds, chem messengers; general characteristics: active @ very [low], multi effects, interact w each other; control specific physiological responses; regulate plant growth; natural and synthetic

72
Q

tropisms

A

directional plant grwoth response; produced by env stimulus; ex:phototrophisms; pos/neg

73
Q

positive tropism

A

grows toward stimulus

74
Q

neg. tropism

A

grows away from stimulus

75
Q

auxins

A

first pant hormones to be disocvered; Darwin & son; phototropism exp

76
Q

coleoptile

A

1st part of grass to emerge from soil, bends toward light; exposed to light from only 1 direction @ tip; discovery of auxin by Darwin and son

77
Q

characteristics of auxin

A

natural & artifical; indoleacetic acid; main function = cell elongation @ shoots and cell wall (primary and secondary)

78
Q

indoleacetic acid

A

IAA; most common/important plant auxin; mainly produced @ shoot apical meristem; moves unidirectionally down shoot via active transport

79
Q

primary cell wall

A

cellulose fibers can be changed

80
Q

second cell wall

A

cellulose and lignin; unable to expand

81
Q

acid growth hyp.

A

auxin mechanism; auxin activity increases activity of H pumps; creates a low pH; activates expansins; seperate cellulose microfibrils from cross-linking polysacs; more expose/loosened CW; enx can cleave cross-linking polysacs; cellulose microfibrils slide; water enter via osmosis (tugor pressure); cell expands

82
Q

phototropism

A

auxins; plant exposed to light; light = stimulus; auxin produced at tip; auxin travels laterally to shaded sides and moves down stem via polar transport

83
Q

herbicides

A

cause auxin hormonal over does; death; kill plants w broad leaves

84
Q

fruit development

A

developing seed + auxin = fruit growth; spray syn auxin on greenhouse tomatoes to get greater fruit dev from seeds

85
Q

cytokinins

A

hormonal control of cell division; produced in actively growing tissues (roots, embryo, fruits); acts w auxin; anti-aging effects (mobilize nutr.)

86
Q

parenchyma cells w/o cytokinin

A

grow large bc of auxin bu don’t divide bc no cytokinin

87
Q

parenchyma cell w cytokinin

A

grow large (auxin) and divide (cytokinin)

88
Q

hormonal control of apical dominance

A

direct inhibition hypo: auxin at AM inhibits axillary bud growth; vs. cytokinins at roots to shoot promotes axillary bud growth, remove apical bud, no auxin and bigger plant

89
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

seed dormancy; seed only grows under suitable conditions; seeds have increased level of ABA but don’t germinate until ABA washed out; drought tolerance

90
Q

ABA drought tolerance

A

plant wilts; ABA accumulates in leaves; massive loss of K+ from guard cells; GC = flaccid; stomata closed; reduces transpiration

91
Q

ethylene gas

A

triple response to mechanical stress; senescence; fruit ripening

92
Q

triple response to mechanical stress

A

ethylene gas; maneuver to avoid physical obstacle; stimulus = physical obstacle; produces etylene; triple response: (1) slowing stem elongation (2) stem thickening = stronger (3) produce curvature = stem grows horizontally; once avoided, less ethylene and normal vertical growth

93
Q

senescence

A

ethylene gas; programmed cell death of certain cell or organs or whole plant; via apoptosis (enz will break down everything): leaf shedding, death of annuals, vessel elem. dead @ maturity

94
Q

fruit ripening

A

ethylene gas; @ middle lamella btwn CWs adjacent cells; pectin dissolves = soft fruit; color changes; starches/acids make sugar to make fruit sweet; chain rxn: ethylene triggers fruit ripening & fruite ripening triggers ethylene production; commerical tomato ripening on command

Biology 116 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions