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Biology 116 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

animals w/o CS

A

flatworm, cnidarians, nematodes

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2
Q

3 basic components of CS

A

(1) circ fluid (2) vessel network (3) heart

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3
Q

heart

A

muscular pump pushing fluid through vessel network

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4
Q

2 types of CS

A

open and closed

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5
Q

open CS

A

w hemolymph; w heart; has low pressure that forces hemolymph throughout body + spread out; disadv: ineff; adv: less costly

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6
Q

hemolymph

A

circ fluid in open CS; aka ISF bathing tissues

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7
Q

heart in open CS

A

undergoes contraction where hymolymph is pumped through circ vesselt o interconnected sinuses; undergoes relaxations where hymolymph is sucked back into heart via pores

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8
Q

closed CS

A

blood is circ fluid w/i vessels + diff then ISF; heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller vessels that get to organs; adv = high BP for big active animals is more eff sys

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9
Q

vert circ

A

cardiovascular sys; closed sys w blood (circ fluid), blood vessels (3 types), heart w 2+ muscular chambers

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10
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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11
Q

arteries

A

brings blood away from heart to organs of body; divide into arterioles

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12
Q

arteriole

A

deliver blood to capillaries; part of arteries

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13
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessels that infiltrate organs; capillary beds; merge togther to form venules; movement of substance btwn blood +tissue: diffusion, gas exchange, waste removal, nutr arrival; prob = not all fluid returns to caps (~15% remains) solved via lymphatic sys

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14
Q

capillary beds

A

network of caps; infiltrate tissues + exchange material w blood

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15
Q

veins

A

recieve blood from venules; sandwiched in btwn muscles; muscle movement; venus pressure allows blood to move along veins; valves = open/close to prevent backflow blood toward heart

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16
Q

atrium

A

1 or 2 atria dep on spp; recieves blood returning from tissues

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17
Q

ventricle

A

1 or 2 dep on spp; pumps blood away from heart to arteries

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18
Q

fish circ

A

single circulation; heart w 2 chambers: 1 atrium, 1 ventricle; single circ not very eff: BP dropes in cap bed in gills; O2 rich blood reaches other organs slowly; swimming = muscle movement, increases circ, vital for fish to stay in action

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19
Q

single circulation

A

blood flow = single circuit; atrium pumps blood intno ventricle; ventricle contracts pumps blood to arteries; blood to cap beds in gills (O2 poor); net diffusion of O2 into blood, CO2 out of blood (O2 rich); caps (deliever O2) converge into vessel that carries blood to cap beds in rest of body; blood returns to atrium via veins

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20
Q

amphibian circ

A

double circulation; heart w 3 chambers: 2 atria + 1 ventriclue; adv = more vigorous blood flow bs blood gets repressurized twice

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21
Q

double circulation

A

ventricle pumps blood into forked artery directed 2 circuits: pulmocutaneous + systemic; both atria pump into single ventricle ridge in venticle diverts most O2 rich blood to sys circuit + O2 poor blood into pulmocutaneous circuit some mixing of O2 rich + O2 poor amphibian can adjust circ: in water sends O2 rich to lungs, on land sends O2 rich blod to skin

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22
Q

pulmocutaneous circuit

A

transports blood to lungs/skin; blood picks up O2 (O2 rich); circuit returns to LA via veins

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23
Q

systemic circuit

A

transport O2 rich blood to organs (need O2) returns blood to RA via veins

24
Q

mammals + birds circ

A

double circ; 4 chambered heart: 2 atria + 2 ventricle, double circuit w system + pulmonary circuits completely seperate

25
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete sequence of filling + pumping (~75 bpm); 2 portions: systole - contraction phase, diastole - relaxation phase; both = one cycle; in human heart

26
Q

cardiac output

A

in human heart; vol of blood pump by LV per min; pump to circ; CO = HR x SV; heart rate (bpm); stroke vol - vol of blood pumped in one contraction

27
Q

4 valves in human heart

A

prevent backflow; blood flow = unidirectional; 2 artioventicular values right AV 1st left AV 2nd; 2 semilumar valves

28
Q

artioventricular valves

A

btwn atrium + ventricle; blood returning from tissues fill up atria; BP pressisng on AV valves forces them open; ventricles fill w blood; ventricles contract; AV valves closed no backblow to atria; human heart

29
Q

semilumar valves

A

human heart; btwn ventricle + exits of heart; forced open via ventricular contraction; pulmonary valve (1st btwn RV + pulmonary artery) and aortic valve (2nd btwn LV + aorta)

30
Q

2 main heart sounds due to valves closing

A

lub and dup

31
Q

lub

A

1st; low pitched long lasting sounds; AV valves closing

32
Q

dup

A

2nd; higher pitched shorter lasting; SL valves closing

33
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal blood flow; SL valve damaged; back flow into ventricles; lub-shh

34
Q

heartbeat

A

SA node = pacemaker; mass of cardiac muscle at RA autorhythmically initiates each heartbeat generates APs on its own triggered via Ca2+ channels opening depol AP (artifical pacemaker replaces SA node) SA node impulse spreads rapidly through atrial walls atria contracts during contraction impulse moves SA node to AV node purposeful delay MAKE GRAPHIC

35
Q

3 regulators of heart rate

A

(1) nervous sys (2) endocrine sys (3) temperature

36
Q

nervous sys HR reg

A

w/i heart BVs are baroreceptors (sensory receptors) that sense BP changes when stimulated send signals to cardiac signals to cardiac cneter in brain medulla; cardiac centers control 2 sets of autonomic nerves going to SA node: sympathetic nerves (fight or flight inc HR + inc strength of contraction), parasympathic nerves (rest + digest dec HR)

37
Q

endocrine sys HR reg

A

during stress adrenal medulla stimulated by sympathetic nerves; AM releases epinepherine inc HR

38
Q

temperature HR reg

A

inc temp (fever) inc HR; dec temp dec HR

39
Q

3 layers of arteries + veins

A

endothelium; smooth muscle; connective tissue

40
Q

endothelium

A

inner most; lines lumen; provides smooth surface; minimizes resistance to blood flow

41
Q

smooth muscle

A

middle; thicker, stronger more flexible in arteries than in veins

42
Q

connective tissue

A

outer; outer coat w elastic collagen fibers; provides support

43
Q

capillary

A

endothelium + basal lamina; only location of exchange btwn blood and ISF; at least 1 cap next to every single cell; ~60,000 miles

44
Q

plasma

A

fluid component of blood; blood under high pressure; in closed CS some plasma forced out into tissues; this is ISF (bathes tissues): blood still in CS, out of CS no RBCs

45
Q

RBCs

A

contains some proteins, less solutes than blood, hypotonic to blood

46
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure exerted on cap wall due to heart pumping pushes plasma out of caps (ISF)

47
Q

osmotic pressure

A

blood is hypertonic to ISF so ISF wants to flow back into blood

48
Q

BP + OP

A

fluid moves back + forth btwn caps + tissues via opposing forces; @ arterial end of cap BP > OP net movement out of cap; @ venous end cap BP < OP net movement back into cap

49
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymph movement due to rhythmic contractions of vessel walls skeletal muscles contract fluid movement; lyphetic’s all over the body conduct lymph ducts; one way flow: tissues, lymph, CS

50
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A

(1) collect + return ISF to blood maintains fluid balance (2) absorbs lipids from DT (3) pathogen defense

51
Q

lymph structures

A

lymph, lymph vessel, lymph nodes

52
Q

lymph

A

LS fluid

53
Q

lymph vessels

A

throughout body almost all tissue infiltrated

54
Q

lymph nodes

A

connective tissue w lots of WBCs; pathogens filtered out of lymph + killed

55
Q

edema

A

lymphatic injury; swelling due to ISF accumulation; fluid builds up in tissues bc vessels not taking it to lymphatics + back to CS; due to lymph vessel blockage

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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