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Biology 116 > Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Endocrine System II Flashcards

1
Q

simple endocrine pathway

A

enocrine cells respond directly to a stimulus; ext or internal detection; secretes hormones into bloodstream; gets to TC and specific receptor; signal transduction leads to response

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2
Q

pH control in duodenum

A

stomach contents enter duodenum; low pH; needs to be neutralized; release of basic biocarbonate to inc pH (simple endocrine pathway)

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3
Q

simple neuroendocrine pathway

A

stimulus recieved by sensory neuron; neurosecretory cell stimulated; neurohormones enter bloodstream; TC+receptor; response; ex: regulation of milk release

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4
Q

feedback regulation

A

neg = reduces intial stimulus; pos = reinforces inital stimulus

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5
Q

molting

A

larva grows in stages and need to molt; shed old exoskeleton, secret new one; regulated via ES

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6
Q

endocrine pathway in moths

A

neurosecretory cells secret prothoracicotropic hormones (PTTH) which signals prothoracic gland to produce ecdysteriod; JH secreted by corpora allata; larva grows and molts but still juvenile after each molts JH dec; low JH: larve, molt, pupa; lowest JH: pupa, molt, via metamorphosis

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7
Q

PTTH

A

prothoracicotropic hormone

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8
Q

ecdysteriod

A

controls metamorphosis (change in form, closer to adult); production isnt continuous; produced in bursts; bursts = trigger to molt; causes inc size and molting

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9
Q

JH

A

juvenile hormone; secreted by corpora allata; prevents metamorphosis; not continuous

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

key regulatory structure in endocrine sys; indirectly or directly ctonrols all hormone secretion; link btwn endocrine sys and nervous sys: receives infor from endocrine sys and body’s nerves

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11
Q

structure of hypothalamus

A

neuroendcrine tissue; connected to pitutiary gland via portal vessels

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12
Q

neuroendocrine tissue

A

secretes neurohormones

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13
Q

2 modes of action in hypothalamus

A

production of releasing and inhibiting hormones vs. production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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14
Q

production of releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

in hypothalamus; released into piuitary portal vein in anterior lobe of pitutiary; effect on anteriod pitutiary gland: stimulte or release hormones

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15
Q

production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

A

in hypothalamus; peptide hormones; produced by cell bodies or neurons; travel down axon; posteriod pitutiary gland; remain stored in vesicles until neuron stimulated; made in hypo but store in pituitary

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16
Q

posterior pituitary

A

secretion; secretes antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin (not produced)

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

TC = kidney; released by posterior pitutiary gland when water needs to be conserved; makes collecting tubes more permeable to water; more water reabsorption into blood and less urine volume

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18
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus during childbirth; control milk secretion of mamary glands during breastfeeding; influences behaviors: care of offspring, pair bonding, sexual activity; in males and females

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

production; endocrine gland; every anteriod pitutiaory hormones controlled by one releasing or even inhibiting hormone (hypothalamus produces and secretes)

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20
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitory

A

TSH, andrenocortiotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH); growth hormone, prolatin releasing hormone (PRL), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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21
Q

trophic hormones

A

stimulates another endocrine gland; thyloid stimulating hormone, andrenocortiotropic hormone, gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)

22
Q

gonadotropic hormones

23
Q

tropic and nontropic hormones

A

growth hormone

24
Q

non trophic hormones

A

prolatin releasing hormone (PRH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

25
hormone casade pathway
hypothalamus, anteriod pitutiary, endocrine gland, target tissue
26
growwth hormone
produced and secreted by anterior pitutiary; growth: tropic and nontropic; liver = target; response to release insulin like growth factors (IGFs) to stimulate bone and cartilge growth
27
growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormones
regulate amount of GH; hypothalamus
28
GH too high
hypo secretes GHIH; target = anterior pitutiary; AP secretes less GH
29
GH too low
hypo secretes GHRH; target = AP; AP secretes more GH
30
pituitary dwarfism
hyposecretion of GH during childhood; small, correctly proportioned, normal intelligence; treatment = diagnose before puberty
31
pituitary dwarfism treatment
before puberty; get GH from cadaver pituitary (limited supply); GH specific to species so can't use animal GH; HGH produced by recombinant DNA tech: insert into act, amplify HGH
32
acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH; during adulthood; abnormal growth in body parts receptive to GH
33
gigantism
hypersecreting of GH during childhood; norm body proportions
34
thyroid hormone regulation
thyroid hormone levels drop below normal; hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into blood to anterior pitutiary gland which secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into blood which stimulates thyroid gland; thyroid gland secretes 2 hormone derived from tyrosine and iodine, T3 and T4
35
thyroid gland
2 lobes near ventral surface of trachea
36
T3
3 iodines; thyroid hormone; secreted by thyroid gland
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T4
4 iodines; thyroid hormone; secreted by thyroid gland
38
T3 and T4
stimulates cell metabolism in all cells; maintains BP, HP, muscle tone; regulates digestive and reproductive functions
39
negative feedback loop (of T3 and T4)
enough T3 and T4 in blood; block thyrotropin releasing hormone release from hypothalamus; block thyroid stimulating hormone release from AP
40
hypothyroidism
weight gain; lethargy; decreased metabolic rate; intolerance to cold
41
hyperthyroidism
inc body temp and sweating; weight loss; irritability; high BP
42
grave's disease
most common hyperthyroidism; autoimmune disease; immune sys doesn't recognize own cells and attacks them; abnormal antibodies bind to TSH receptors and stimulates them which leads to hypersecretion of TSH
43
goiter
iodine deficiency; dec iodine = no thyroid hormone; signals AP to constantly secrete TSH; thyroid gland grows too big
44
parathyoid glands
4 tissue gland near thyroid that control blood calcium levels; parathyroid hormone (PTH)
45
blood Ca2+ = too low
parathyroid gland releases more parathyroid hormone; target = bone bc Ca2+ stored here and brekdown will release Ca2+; PTH stimulates kidney to reabsorb more Ca2+ ions; PTH stimulates liver = production of vit D which is precursor of full form and vit D in intestine stimulates absorption of Ca2+ from food (indirect PTH)
46
blood Ca2+ = too high
thyroid responds by secreting calcitonin; target = bone and kidney; inhibit Ca2+ remove to exrete Ca2+ (antagonist to parathyroid hormone)
47
adrenal glands
on top of each kidney; helps body adjust to stress; 2 parts: adrenal medulla (central) and adrenal cortex (outer) are two distinct glands
48
adrenal medulla
neuroendocrine; production of alarm rxn (flight or fight); continuously secretes 2 hormones in small amnt: epinepherine and norepinepherine; during extreme stress = stimulus, hypo stimulates and sends nerve impulses to adrenal medulla, activated to releae lots of epi and nor quickly
49
release of epi and nor by adrenal medulla
inc bloodflow to brain, muscles, heart, inc reaction time, less bloodflow to digestion and repro; breakdown glycogen to glucose: immediate E to inc metabolic rat and inc O2 delivery (inc HR, stroke vol, and breathing)
50
adrenal cortex
responds to chronic stress; responds to endocrine ignals, not nervous signal; hypothalamus detects any stress, releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate adrenal cortex to produce corticosteriods (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticioids)
51
glucocorticoids
make glucose from non carb sources (ex: protein); acts on skeletal muscle to breakdown muscle proteins and transport AAs to liver and kidney and syn to gluc and put into blood to combat stress by giving E
52
mineralocorticoids
hormones regulated by mineral metabolism; maintain salt and water balance in blood; ex: aldosterone

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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