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Biology 116 > Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Endocrine System II Flashcards

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1
Q

simple endocrine pathway

A

enocrine cells respond directly to a stimulus; ext or internal detection; secretes hormones into bloodstream; gets to TC and specific receptor; signal transduction leads to response

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2
Q

pH control in duodenum

A

stomach contents enter duodenum; low pH; needs to be neutralized; release of basic biocarbonate to inc pH (simple endocrine pathway)

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3
Q

simple neuroendocrine pathway

A

stimulus recieved by sensory neuron; neurosecretory cell stimulated; neurohormones enter bloodstream; TC+receptor; response; ex: regulation of milk release

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4
Q

feedback regulation

A

neg = reduces intial stimulus; pos = reinforces inital stimulus

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5
Q

molting

A

larva grows in stages and need to molt; shed old exoskeleton, secret new one; regulated via ES

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6
Q

endocrine pathway in moths

A

neurosecretory cells secret prothoracicotropic hormones (PTTH) which signals prothoracic gland to produce ecdysteriod; JH secreted by corpora allata; larva grows and molts but still juvenile after each molts JH dec; low JH: larve, molt, pupa; lowest JH: pupa, molt, via metamorphosis

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7
Q

PTTH

A

prothoracicotropic hormone

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8
Q

ecdysteriod

A

controls metamorphosis (change in form, closer to adult); production isnt continuous; produced in bursts; bursts = trigger to molt; causes inc size and molting

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9
Q

JH

A

juvenile hormone; secreted by corpora allata; prevents metamorphosis; not continuous

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

key regulatory structure in endocrine sys; indirectly or directly ctonrols all hormone secretion; link btwn endocrine sys and nervous sys: receives infor from endocrine sys and body’s nerves

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11
Q

structure of hypothalamus

A

neuroendcrine tissue; connected to pitutiary gland via portal vessels

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12
Q

neuroendocrine tissue

A

secretes neurohormones

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13
Q

2 modes of action in hypothalamus

A

production of releasing and inhibiting hormones vs. production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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14
Q

production of releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

in hypothalamus; released into piuitary portal vein in anterior lobe of pitutiary; effect on anteriod pitutiary gland: stimulte or release hormones

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15
Q

production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

A

in hypothalamus; peptide hormones; produced by cell bodies or neurons; travel down axon; posteriod pitutiary gland; remain stored in vesicles until neuron stimulated; made in hypo but store in pituitary

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16
Q

posterior pituitary

A

secretion; secretes antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin (not produced)

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

TC = kidney; released by posterior pitutiary gland when water needs to be conserved; makes collecting tubes more permeable to water; more water reabsorption into blood and less urine volume

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18
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus during childbirth; control milk secretion of mamary glands during breastfeeding; influences behaviors: care of offspring, pair bonding, sexual activity; in males and females

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

production; endocrine gland; every anteriod pitutiaory hormones controlled by one releasing or even inhibiting hormone (hypothalamus produces and secretes)

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20
Q

hormones produced by anterior pituitory

A

TSH, andrenocortiotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH); growth hormone, prolatin releasing hormone (PRL), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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21
Q

trophic hormones

A

stimulates another endocrine gland; thyloid stimulating hormone, andrenocortiotropic hormone, gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)

22
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

LH, FSH

23
Q

tropic and nontropic hormones

A

growth hormone

24
Q

non trophic hormones

A

prolatin releasing hormone (PRH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

25
Q

hormone casade pathway

A

hypothalamus, anteriod pitutiary, endocrine gland, target tissue

26
Q

growwth hormone

A

produced and secreted by anterior pitutiary; growth: tropic and nontropic; liver = target; response to release insulin like growth factors (IGFs) to stimulate bone and cartilge growth

27
Q

growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

regulate amount of GH; hypothalamus

28
Q

GH too high

A

hypo secretes GHIH; target = anterior pitutiary; AP secretes less GH

29
Q

GH too low

A

hypo secretes GHRH; target = AP; AP secretes more GH

30
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of GH during childhood; small, correctly proportioned, normal intelligence; treatment = diagnose before puberty

31
Q

pituitary dwarfism treatment

A

before puberty; get GH from cadaver pituitary (limited supply); GH specific to species so can’t use animal GH; HGH produced by recombinant DNA tech: insert into act, amplify HGH

32
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of GH; during adulthood; abnormal growth in body parts receptive to GH

33
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecreting of GH during childhood; norm body proportions

34
Q

thyroid hormone regulation

A

thyroid hormone levels drop below normal; hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into blood to anterior pitutiary gland which secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into blood which stimulates thyroid gland; thyroid gland secretes 2 hormone derived from tyrosine and iodine, T3 and T4

35
Q

thyroid gland

A

2 lobes near ventral surface of trachea

36
Q

T3

A

3 iodines; thyroid hormone; secreted by thyroid gland

37
Q

T4

A

4 iodines; thyroid hormone; secreted by thyroid gland

38
Q

T3 and T4

A

stimulates cell metabolism in all cells; maintains BP, HP, muscle tone; regulates digestive and reproductive functions

39
Q

negative feedback loop (of T3 and T4)

A

enough T3 and T4 in blood; block thyrotropin releasing hormone release from hypothalamus; block thyroid stimulating hormone release from AP

40
Q

hypothyroidism

A

weight gain; lethargy; decreased metabolic rate; intolerance to cold

41
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

inc body temp and sweating; weight loss; irritability; high BP

42
Q

grave’s disease

A

most common hyperthyroidism; autoimmune disease; immune sys doesn’t recognize own cells and attacks them; abnormal antibodies bind to TSH receptors and stimulates them which leads to hypersecretion of TSH

43
Q

goiter

A

iodine deficiency; dec iodine = no thyroid hormone; signals AP to constantly secrete TSH; thyroid gland grows too big

44
Q

parathyoid glands

A

4 tissue gland near thyroid that control blood calcium levels; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

45
Q

blood Ca2+ = too low

A

parathyroid gland releases more parathyroid hormone; target = bone bc Ca2+ stored here and brekdown will release Ca2+; PTH stimulates kidney to reabsorb more Ca2+ ions; PTH stimulates liver = production of vit D which is precursor of full form and vit D in intestine stimulates absorption of Ca2+ from food (indirect PTH)

46
Q

blood Ca2+ = too high

A

thyroid responds by secreting calcitonin; target = bone and kidney; inhibit Ca2+ remove to exrete Ca2+ (antagonist to parathyroid hormone)

47
Q

adrenal glands

A

on top of each kidney; helps body adjust to stress; 2 parts: adrenal medulla (central) and adrenal cortex (outer) are two distinct glands

48
Q

adrenal medulla

A

neuroendocrine; production of alarm rxn (flight or fight); continuously secretes 2 hormones in small amnt: epinepherine and norepinepherine; during extreme stress = stimulus, hypo stimulates and sends nerve impulses to adrenal medulla, activated to releae lots of epi and nor quickly

49
Q

release of epi and nor by adrenal medulla

A

inc bloodflow to brain, muscles, heart, inc reaction time, less bloodflow to digestion and repro; breakdown glycogen to glucose: immediate E to inc metabolic rat and inc O2 delivery (inc HR, stroke vol, and breathing)

50
Q

adrenal cortex

A

responds to chronic stress; responds to endocrine ignals, not nervous signal; hypothalamus detects any stress, releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate adrenal cortex to produce corticosteriods (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticioids)

51
Q

glucocorticoids

A

make glucose from non carb sources (ex: protein); acts on skeletal muscle to breakdown muscle proteins and transport AAs to liver and kidney and syn to gluc and put into blood to combat stress by giving E

52
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

hormones regulated by mineral metabolism; maintain salt and water balance in blood; ex: aldosterone

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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