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Biology 116 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

nutrition

A

taking food in/breaking down food; using food done by animals; heterotrophs: herbivore, carnivore, omnivores; need to eat correct amount + types of food

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2
Q

chemcial energy

A

ingest chem E to produce ATP

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3
Q

Calorie

A

1000 calories; kilocalories; amount of heat to raise tmep of 1kg of H2O by 1 degress C

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4
Q

carbs

A

source of chem E; starch + cellulose; main source of E; ~50% total Calories; 1g = 4C

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5
Q

proteins

A

source of chem E; 1g about 4C

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6
Q

lipids

A

source of chem E; 1 g about 9C; as triglycerids: glycerol + 3 FAs

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7
Q

organic building blocks

A

assembled into essential macromolecules; source of C; source of N (protein)

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8
Q

essential nutrients

A

can’t be amde by body must be ingested; essential AAs and essential FAs

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9
Q

essential amino acids

A

20 AA required to make al needed proteins; most animals can make half on their own; must ingest sulfur + nitrogen; adult humans need 8 essentail AAs; infant humans need 9 essential AAs w dev make more

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10
Q

types of protein sources

A

complete proteins: food w all essential AA in proper ratios; incomplete proteins: lack some essential AAs (ex: plants); vegetarians need varied consumption

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11
Q

essential fatty acids

A

can make most FAs can’t make some w double bonds bc lack enz; ingest linoleic + linolenic acid; polyunsat; in seeds, grains, veggies; common in diet

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12
Q

vitamins

A

organic compounds; need small amounts; support biochem functions (ex: conenzymes); non protein aid to enz

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13
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex; vit C

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14
Q

B3

A

niacin; part of NAD+ and NADH+; cell resp; water sol

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15
Q

B9

A

folic acid; if difficent: neural tube defects, anemia; water sol

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16
Q

vit C

A

ascorbic acid; collagen syn; antioxident; deficiency = survy…skin, teenth, blood vessels genenerate and weak, low immunity, delayed wound healing; inc iron absorption; water sol

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17
Q

antioxident

A

destroys reactive oxygen molecules; H2O2

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18
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

can be stored in body; vit A, vit D, vit K

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19
Q

vit A

A

retinol; converted to retinal; part of rhodopsin = eye pigment; deficiency = blindness; fat sol

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20
Q

vit D

A

inc Ca2+ absorption; deficiency: defective bond growth in kids (rickets), osteomalacia (bone softening); skin exposure to UV skin rxn vit D production; fat sol

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21
Q

vit K

A

syn of blood clotting proteins; produced by large intestine bac: E Coli, antibiotic lowers vit K production; fat sol

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22
Q

minerals

A

inorganic nutr required by cells; ingested as salts dissolved w/i food/water

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23
Q

major minerals

A

at least 200mg/day; magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, choloride, potassium + sodium

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24
Q

magnesium

A

enz cofactor; muscle + nerve function

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25
Q

calcium

A

bones + teeth; blood clottin; nerve transmission + muscle function

26
Q

potassium + sodium

A

main + ions in cells and ISF; water balance; nerve function; ion balance

27
Q

phosphorous

A

bones + teeth; ATP; nucleic acids S-P backbone; phospholipids

28
Q

sulfur

A

disulfide bonds in proteins

29
Q

choloride

A

main neg ion; water balance; nerve function; gastic juice HCl

30
Q

trace elements

A

<200 mg/day; iron + iodine

31
Q

iron

A

hemoglobin O2 transport; cytochroms ETC

32
Q

iodine

A

thyroid hormones; homeostasis + metabolism

33
Q

malnutrition

A

diet lack 1 or more essential nutr; less E than required undernutr; diseases, death, deformities

34
Q

kwashiokar

A

severe protein deficiency in children; diet lack essential AAs: stunted growt, muscle atropy, adema of abdomen due to fluid imbalance casues swelling

35
Q

hormonal regulation of digestion

A

arrival of food in alimentary canal compartments triggers peristalsis + chem digestion secretions

36
Q

HRD in oral cavity

A

NS triggers saliva production swallowing triggered

37
Q

HRD in stomach

A

food arrival stretches stomach triggers release of gastrine from bloodstream to stomach stomach stimulated produces gastic juices triggers churning physical mixing of food; also reg by enter division of ANS

38
Q

small intestines HRD

A

chyme; if chyme w lots of fats inc secretin + inc CCK act on stomach to inhibit peristalsis + gastric juices; slows down digestion material to brekak down

39
Q

chyme

A

acidic mix of partiall digested food; AA + FA w/i it trigger release of digestive hormones by duodenum

40
Q

digestive hormones

A

CCK + secretin

41
Q

CCK

A

stimulates release of digestive enz from pancreas + bile from gallbladder

42
Q

secretin

A

stimulates pancreas to secrete HCO3-; nutralized chyme acidity

43
Q

E storage regulation

A

if you ingest more E rich molecules than needed store excess; 1st site of storage: liver + muscle cells; stored as glycogen if glycogen stores = full; store excess E as fat in adipose cells; if fewer C than need ingested use stored E: liver glycogen used first, muscle glycogen + fat used 2nd

44
Q

glucose

A

cell resp; imp source of C for macromolecules; levels must be maintained w/i normal range: normal blood glucose 70-110 mg/100 mL

45
Q

pancreas functions

A

exocrine: PJ w digestive enz, through ducts to SI; endocrine: cluster of cell (pancreatic islets) each cluster w/i 2 types of cells…alpha and beta cells

46
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon hormones

47
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin hormone

48
Q

insulin + glucagon

A

secreted into ISF to blood; antagonistic relationship: work in opposition to maintain homeostasis sugar; secretion of both controlled by blood glucose level

49
Q

high blood glucose levels

A

beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin; target tissue = all cells except brain; insulin bind to insulin receptors on pm stimulates cells to take up glucose from blood once inside used as fuel or stored as glycogen (glucose homeostasis; brain takes glucose w/o insulin needs access to E at all times

50
Q

low blood glucose levels

A

alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon; target tissue = liver, not whole body; liver cells convert glycogen to glucose secreted into blood raises blood glucose levles (glucose homeostasis)

51
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

endocrine disorder caused by dec insulin production inc response to insulin @ target tissue; very high blood gluc lvels bc cells can’t take us glucose fat becomes main E substrate for cell resp; bad bc it produces acidic metabolites: dec pH blood, dec Na+/K+ nerve conduction probs; leading cause of blindness, kidney disorder, gangrene due to circ sys probs; kidney excretes glucose in urine

52
Q

type I diabetes

A

insulin dependent (10%); autoimmune disease; own antibodies destroy beta cells to inc sulin production; onset @ <30 yo; need daily injections

53
Q

type II diabetes

A

non-insulin dependent (90%); target cells don’t respond well to insulin (insulin resistance) insulin produced but no binding w TC receptors (glucose not taken into cell); on set @ >40 yo; obesity + no exercise significant risk factors

54
Q

overnutrition

A

consuming more C than needed can lead to obestiy

55
Q

feedback circuits

A

control fat sotrage + metabolism to maintain homeostasis

56
Q

nervous system

A

neuron networks; Brain’s Satiety Center

57
Q

neuron networks

A

relay + integrate info from DS to regulate secretion of homones

58
Q

brain’s satiety center

A

target of homones; generates nerve impulses of fullness or hunger

59
Q

gherlin

A

secreted from stomach walls; hunger

60
Q

insulin

A

produced after meal bc inc blood glucose; satiety center supresses hunger = fullness

61
Q

PYY

A

secreted SI after meals; appetite suppressant

62
Q

leptin

A

produced by advpose tissue; satiation in brain; dec levels of leptin, body fat decreased; inc appetite

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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