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Biology 116 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition

A

taking food in/breaking down food; using food done by animals; heterotrophs: herbivore, carnivore, omnivores; need to eat correct amount + types of food

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2
Q

chemcial energy

A

ingest chem E to produce ATP

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3
Q

Calorie

A

1000 calories; kilocalories; amount of heat to raise tmep of 1kg of H2O by 1 degress C

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4
Q

carbs

A

source of chem E; starch + cellulose; main source of E; ~50% total Calories; 1g = 4C

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5
Q

proteins

A

source of chem E; 1g about 4C

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6
Q

lipids

A

source of chem E; 1 g about 9C; as triglycerids: glycerol + 3 FAs

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7
Q

organic building blocks

A

assembled into essential macromolecules; source of C; source of N (protein)

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8
Q

essential nutrients

A

can’t be amde by body must be ingested; essential AAs and essential FAs

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9
Q

essential amino acids

A

20 AA required to make al needed proteins; most animals can make half on their own; must ingest sulfur + nitrogen; adult humans need 8 essentail AAs; infant humans need 9 essential AAs w dev make more

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10
Q

types of protein sources

A

complete proteins: food w all essential AA in proper ratios; incomplete proteins: lack some essential AAs (ex: plants); vegetarians need varied consumption

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11
Q

essential fatty acids

A

can make most FAs can’t make some w double bonds bc lack enz; ingest linoleic + linolenic acid; polyunsat; in seeds, grains, veggies; common in diet

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12
Q

vitamins

A

organic compounds; need small amounts; support biochem functions (ex: conenzymes); non protein aid to enz

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13
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B complex; vit C

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14
Q

B3

A

niacin; part of NAD+ and NADH+; cell resp; water sol

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15
Q

B9

A

folic acid; if difficent: neural tube defects, anemia; water sol

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16
Q

vit C

A

ascorbic acid; collagen syn; antioxident; deficiency = survy…skin, teenth, blood vessels genenerate and weak, low immunity, delayed wound healing; inc iron absorption; water sol

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17
Q

antioxident

A

destroys reactive oxygen molecules; H2O2

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18
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

can be stored in body; vit A, vit D, vit K

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19
Q

vit A

A

retinol; converted to retinal; part of rhodopsin = eye pigment; deficiency = blindness; fat sol

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20
Q

vit D

A

inc Ca2+ absorption; deficiency: defective bond growth in kids (rickets), osteomalacia (bone softening); skin exposure to UV skin rxn vit D production; fat sol

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21
Q

vit K

A

syn of blood clotting proteins; produced by large intestine bac: E Coli, antibiotic lowers vit K production; fat sol

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22
Q

minerals

A

inorganic nutr required by cells; ingested as salts dissolved w/i food/water

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23
Q

major minerals

A

at least 200mg/day; magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, choloride, potassium + sodium

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24
Q

magnesium

A

enz cofactor; muscle + nerve function

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25
calcium
bones + teeth; blood clottin; nerve transmission + muscle function
26
potassium + sodium
main + ions in cells and ISF; water balance; nerve function; ion balance
27
phosphorous
bones + teeth; ATP; nucleic acids S-P backbone; phospholipids
28
sulfur
disulfide bonds in proteins
29
choloride
main neg ion; water balance; nerve function; gastic juice HCl
30
trace elements
<200 mg/day; iron + iodine
31
iron
hemoglobin O2 transport; cytochroms ETC
32
iodine
thyroid hormones; homeostasis + metabolism
33
malnutrition
diet lack 1 or more essential nutr; less E than required undernutr; diseases, death, deformities
34
kwashiokar
severe protein deficiency in children; diet lack essential AAs: stunted growt, muscle atropy, adema of abdomen due to fluid imbalance casues swelling
35
hormonal regulation of digestion
arrival of food in alimentary canal compartments triggers peristalsis + chem digestion secretions
36
HRD in oral cavity
NS triggers saliva production swallowing triggered
37
HRD in stomach
food arrival stretches stomach triggers release of gastrine from bloodstream to stomach stomach stimulated produces gastic juices triggers churning physical mixing of food; also reg by enter division of ANS
38
small intestines HRD
chyme; if chyme w lots of fats inc secretin + inc CCK act on stomach to inhibit peristalsis + gastric juices; slows down digestion material to brekak down
39
chyme
acidic mix of partiall digested food; AA + FA w/i it trigger release of digestive hormones by duodenum
40
digestive hormones
CCK + secretin
41
CCK
stimulates release of digestive enz from pancreas + bile from gallbladder
42
secretin
stimulates pancreas to secrete HCO3-; nutralized chyme acidity
43
E storage regulation
if you ingest more E rich molecules than needed store excess; 1st site of storage: liver + muscle cells; stored as glycogen if glycogen stores = full; store excess E as fat in adipose cells; if fewer C than need ingested use stored E: liver glycogen used first, muscle glycogen + fat used 2nd
44
glucose
cell resp; imp source of C for macromolecules; levels must be maintained w/i normal range: normal blood glucose 70-110 mg/100 mL
45
pancreas functions
exocrine: PJ w digestive enz, through ducts to SI; endocrine: cluster of cell (pancreatic islets) each cluster w/i 2 types of cells...alpha and beta cells
46
alpha cells
secrete glucagon hormones
47
beta cells
secrete insulin hormone
48
insulin + glucagon
secreted into ISF to blood; antagonistic relationship: work in opposition to maintain homeostasis sugar; secretion of both controlled by blood glucose level
49
high blood glucose levels
beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin; target tissue = all cells except brain; insulin bind to insulin receptors on pm stimulates cells to take up glucose from blood once inside used as fuel or stored as glycogen (glucose homeostasis; brain takes glucose w/o insulin needs access to E at all times
50
low blood glucose levels
alpha cells in pancreas secrete glucagon; target tissue = liver, not whole body; liver cells convert glycogen to glucose secreted into blood raises blood glucose levles (glucose homeostasis)
51
diabetes mellitus
endocrine disorder caused by dec insulin production inc response to insulin @ target tissue; very high blood gluc lvels bc cells can't take us glucose fat becomes main E substrate for cell resp; bad bc it produces acidic metabolites: dec pH blood, dec Na+/K+ nerve conduction probs; leading cause of blindness, kidney disorder, gangrene due to circ sys probs; kidney excretes glucose in urine
52
type I diabetes
insulin dependent (10%); autoimmune disease; own antibodies destroy beta cells to inc sulin production; onset @ <30 yo; need daily injections
53
type II diabetes
non-insulin dependent (90%); target cells don't respond well to insulin (insulin resistance) insulin produced but no binding w TC receptors (glucose not taken into cell); on set @ >40 yo; obesity + no exercise significant risk factors
54
overnutrition
consuming more C than needed can lead to obestiy
55
feedback circuits
control fat sotrage + metabolism to maintain homeostasis
56
nervous system
neuron networks; Brain's Satiety Center
57
neuron networks
relay + integrate info from DS to regulate secretion of homones
58
brain's satiety center
target of homones; generates nerve impulses of fullness or hunger
59
gherlin
secreted from stomach walls; hunger
60
insulin
produced after meal bc inc blood glucose; satiety center supresses hunger = fullness
61
PYY
secreted SI after meals; appetite suppressant
62
leptin
produced by advpose tissue; satiation in brain; dec levels of leptin, body fat decreased; inc appetite

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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