Unikont Diversity II

Question 1

animals

Answer 1

all heterotrophic; ingest/digest food in body

Question 2

animal cell structure

Answer 2

eu; multicellular; no cell walls; external proteins ouside PM for structural support (ex: collagen)

Question 3

animal organization

Answer 3

all w/ differeniated cells w/ specific functions;most animals w/ differentiated tissue - group of cells w/ common structure and fuction as unit; higher animals w/ differented organs adapted to perform specific functions; muscle and nerve tissue is unique defining char

Question 4

differentiated

Answer 4

specialized

Question 5

cleavage

Answer 5

series of mitotic divisions w/o cell growth btwn divisons

Question 6

blastula

Answer 6

hollow ball of cells that surrounds a cavity called a bastocoel

Question 7

gastrulation

Answer 7

embryo fold inwards and expands filling bastocoel; produces gastrula w/ diff layer of embryonic tissue

Question 8

gastrule

Answer 8

(1) endoderm (2) entoderm (3) archenteron

Question 9

endoderm

Answer 9

inner layer of embryonic tissue

Question 10

entoderm

Answer 10

outer layer of embryonic tissue

Question 11

archenteron

Answer 11

pouch formed during gastrulation; opens to outside of gastrula via blastopore

Question 12

animal development

Answer 12

some develop directly into adults (ex: humans); others w/ at least one larval stage; regulation by gene expression

Question 13

larvae

Answer 13

sexually immature form; morphologicall diff from adult; eats diff food; lives in diff habitats; undergoes metamorphosis more dev becomes juvenille (still sexually immature) more dev is now adult

Question 14

homeobox genes

Answer 14

code for proteins that reg exp of dev genes; ex: Hox genes are important in animal embryo dev

Question 15

body plans

Answer 15

particular set of morphological and dev traits; compare key animal feature and features key animal evo steps

Question 16

differentiation

Answer 16

all animals w/ specialized steps; 1st major step in animal evo: porifera vs. eumetazoa

Question 17

porifera

Answer 17

sponges; do not have clearly defined tissues and organs; still animals

Question 18

eumetazoa

Answer 18

“true animals”; do clearly have defined tissues and organs

Question 19

symmetry

Answer 19

arrangement of body structures in relation to a particular axis of the body

Question 20

radial symmetry

Answer 20

wheet, cylinder; multiple plants that divide animal into mirror images; many radial orgs are sessile

Question 21

sessile

Answer 21

live attched to substrate

Question 22

bilateral symmetry

Answer 22

2 sided; body can be divided by only one plane through the midline (r and l are roughly mirror images); cephalization

Question 23

cephalization

Answer 23

dev of head region; location of central nervous system; corrdinates complex movements

Question 24

asymmetry

Answer 24

no plant will rpodcue mirror images (ex: porifera)

Question 25

embryonic tissue devlopment

Answer 25

embryos of all eumetazoa become layered

Question 26

germ layers

Answer 26

concentric layer of ET; ecotoderm; endoderm; mesoderm

Question 27

ectoderm

Answer 27

outer layer; gives rise to outer covering and NS

Question 28

endoderm

Answer 28

inner layer lines archenteron; gives rise to digestive track lining and digestive track organs

Question 29

mesoderm

Answer 29

middle layer; gives rise to most other body structure

Question 30

diplobastic orgs

Answer 30

dev only endo and ectoderm

Question 31

triplobasltic orgs

Answer 31

dev ecto, endo, and mesoderm

Question 32

coelom

Answer 32

body cavity; fluid filled space; btwn body wall and digestive; only in triploblasts

Question 33

acoelomates

Answer 33

no coelum; triplo; no fluid; solid body

Question 34

pseudocoelomate

Answer 34

fluid filled coelom; body cavit that isn't complete lined w/ mesoderm

Question 35

coelomates

Answer 35

true coelom; body cavity completely lined w/ mesoderm

Question 36

advantages of coelum

Answer 36

enable internal organs to grow and move indep of outer body wall; hydrostatic skeleton; mech for moving circulatory materials - don't need to be flats, increases SA:vol

Question 37

hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 37

fluid under pressue allows for movement

Question 38

2 types w/i bilateria

Answer 38

protostomes; deuterostomes

Question 39

protostomes

Answer 39

spiral cleavage; planes of cell division diagonal to vertical axis of embryo; undergo determinate cleavage

Question 40

determinate cleavage

Answer 40

developmental fate of each embryonic cell is rigidly set very early in dev; protostomes; remove embryonic cell...adult lack parts

Question 41

deuterostomes

Answer 41

radial cleaves; plants of cell division are parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of embryo; undergo indeterminate cleavage

Question 42

indeterminate cleavage

Answer 42

each cell produced during early cleavage is going to retain ability to develop into complete embryo

Question 43

coelom formation

Answer 43

during gastrulation, embryo's developing digestive tube initally form "blind pouch"

Question 44

coelom formation in protostomes

Answer 44

as archenteron form, solid masses of mesderm split and form coelom

Question 45

coelom formation in deuterostomes

Answer 45

mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron and its cavity becomes coelom

Question 46

fate of blastopore

Answer 46

group of cells in blastula move inward to form blastopore

Question 47

fate of blastopore in protostomes

Answer 47

"1st mouth" opening; blastopore develops into mouth or org

Question 48

fate of blastopore in deuterostomes

Answer 48

"2nd mouth" opening; blastopore develops into anus of org; mouth is 2nd opening that forms later

Question 49

cambrian explosion

Answer 49

rapid explosion of many diff animal body plans; 1st fossils of large animals w/ hard mineralized skeletons; 535-525 mya

Question 50

kingdom animalia

Answer 50

most of current phyla of animal est 500 mya

Question 51

animalia is monophyetic

Answer 51

all animals share single protist CA

Question 52

metazoa-clade

Answer 52

sponges = basal animals; branch form base of tree; phylum porifera (monophyetic)

Question 53

eumetazoa clade

Answer 53

true tissue; clade radiata; clad bilateria

Question 54

clade radiate

Answer 54

phylas: ctenophora, cnidaria; basal eumetazoans; diplobasts; radial sym

Question 55

clade bilateria

Answer 55

most animlas; bilateral sym; triplobasts; protostomia and deuterostomia

Question 56

deutrostomia

Answer 56

phylum chordata - verts and inverts; not all deutros

Question 57

protostomia

Answer 57

lophotrocozoans and ecdysozoans

Question 58

lophotrochozoans

Answer 58

only inverts; lophpore feding structure; trophore larval shape

Question 59

ecdysozoans

Answer 59

ecdytis - molting exoskeleton or cuticle; inverts only