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Biology 116 > Plant Diversity I > Flashcards

Plant Diversity I Flashcards

1
Q

charophytes

A

green algae; closest relative to lang plants; shallow waters around edges of ponds/lakes, drying out can occur here; NS favors inds that can w/stand harsh conditions = land plants; sporopollenin

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2
Q

sporopollenin

A

polymer layer of protection; prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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3
Q

similarities btwn land plants & charophytes

A

ring of cellulose synthesizing proteins in PM to make cellulose microfibrils; similar falgellated sperm; formation of phragmoplast

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4
Q

phragmoplast

A

group of microtubles; forms btwn daughter nuclei during CD; cell plate forms in middle of phragmoplast and gives rise to new cell walls of daughter cells

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5
Q

alternation of generations

A

land plants alternate btwn 2 multicell stages in their life cycles: gametophytes and sporophyte

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6
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid (n); roduce gametes via mitosis

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7
Q

sporophyte

A

produced by fusion of gametes = diploid (2n); produces haploid spores by meiosis

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8
Q

embryophytes

A

2n embryo (sporophyte) in land palnts in retained w/i tissue of famle gametophyte and develops here; nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells

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9
Q

sporangia

A

walled spores produced here; multicellular organs in sporophytes that produce spores; sporocytes go through meiosis and produce spores; sporopollein in spore wall makes it resilient

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10
Q

sporocytes

A

2n

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11
Q

spores

A

n; haploid repro cells that grow via mitosis into multicellular gametophyte

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12
Q

multicellular gametagania

A

produced by gametophytes and produce sgametes via mitosis; male = antherdium; female = archegonium

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13
Q

antherdium

A

male; produce & release sperm

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14
Q

archegonium

A

female; produces egg cells; site of fertilization

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15
Q

apical meristems

A

roots & shoots can elongate to increase SA:vol and increase access to resources; localized regions of CD @ tips of roots & shoots; cellls differentiate into various cell types here

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16
Q

cuticle

A

waxy covering over all above group parts; gas extange poor here; prevents dessication (drying out); protects again microbes (can’t grow here)

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17
Q

stomata

A

tiny openings on surfaces of leaves and stems; open & close; lots of gas extange; main route of evaporation

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18
Q

vascular tissue

A

cells joined into “tubes” and tubes transfer water & nutr.; xylem; phloem; sporphylls; sporophytes (2n) = dom life cycle stage; leaves; roots

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19
Q

bryophytes

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts; non vasular = lack specialized vascular sys; not monophyletic, no clade; form a grade, small, herbaceious (non woody plants); earliest lineages of land plants

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20
Q

grade

A

collection of orgs that share biological feature

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21
Q

vascular plants

A

seedless lycophytes = clube mosses, ferns (form a grade); seeded VP = most living plant spp, gymnosperms and angiosperms

22
Q

seed

A

embryo packaged w/ supply of nutr inside protective coat

23
Q

gymnosperms

A

“naked seeds” seeds not inclosed in any chamber (ex: conifers)

24
Q

angiosperms

A

“container seeds”; flowering plants; fruit-enclosed seeds; most dominant type of plant

25
non vascular plants
small; rely on diffusion and osmosis; need moist env; utilize flagellated sperm = motile, need water to move
26
moss life cycle
(1) sporophyte makes spores (n) (2) germate in suitable havitat grow via mitosis (3) form protonema and buds via mitosis to create gametophores (4) gametophyte generation = dom stage of life cycle (5) fertilization to create n+n zygote that remain in archnogonium (6) grows via mitosis into multicell embryo (7) sporophyte stage
27
protonema
filament of cells (n)
28
gametophyte
protonema + gametophore = gametophyte body of moss
29
gametophyte gen in moss life cycle
lives independently of sporophytes; rhizoids = anchors not roots; at tips of gametophyte shoots = anthoridium and archogonium; ferilization
30
sporophyte gen in moss life cycle
grows out of archegonium; stays small, nutrionally dependent on gametophytes; initally green & photosyn but matures brown & no photosyn; parts: foot, seta, capsule, peristome
31
foot
archors embryo to gametophytes and absorbs water and nutr from parent plant
32
seta
stalk; takes material from foot to capsule
33
capsule
sporangium; sporangium cells (2n); produces spores (n) via meiosis
34
peristome
ring structures; opens and released spores if its dry; aids in dispersion; upper capsule
35
importance of mosses
common in moist forest; can colonize on bare, sandy soil and retain N in soil; harbor N fizating cyan bac and reatin N in env; peat
36
peat
partially decaying organic material; consists of sporangium "peat moss" and is soruce of fuel; peat land covers 3% of eather's surface and contains 30% soil carbon = carbon reservior
37
xylem
contacts H2O and minerals; uses lignin polymer
38
ligin polymer
in xylem; strengthens cell walls of H2O conducting; grow tall & support; huge competitive adv to out compete shorter plants for light and spores disperse further
39
leaves
increase SA of plant bod; primary location of photosyn
40
phloem
conducts sugars, AA, organic products
41
roots
absorb H2O and mineral from soil; anchor palnts
42
sporophylls
modified leaves; bear sporongia; ex: Ferns; produce sori
43
sori
clusters of sporangia; underside of sporophylls
44
homosporous spore production
most seedless vascular plants; have on type of sporangonium that produces one type of spore; spores develop into bisexual gametophyte that rpoduces sperm and egg
45
heterosporous spore production
vascular plants; 2 types of sporangia produce 2 types of spores; megasporangium; microsporangium
46
megasporangium
produces megaspores via meiosis that develop into female gametophyte; produces egg in archengonium
47
microsporangium
produces microspores via meiosis that develop into male gametophyte; produces sperm in anteridium
48
seedless vasular plants
2 clades: lycophytes, manilophytes
49
lycophytes
most ancient of vascular plants; many are non-parasitic epiphytes that grow on trees
50
manilophytes
ferns; sporphylls w sori (sporangia clusters) on underside that produce spores via meiosis
51
fern life cycle
homosporous spore production; each gametophyte develops antheridium and archengoinum = sperm + egg prodcues at diff times and flagellated sperm swims to egg in archegonium; fert btwn diff gametophytes creates genetic recomb in zygote; zygote prodces sporophyte via mitosis = grows out of archegonium; young leaves = tightly coiled ("fiddleheads")

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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