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Biology 116 > Reproduction I > Flashcards

Reproduction I Flashcards

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

2+ identical offspring (clones); no meiosis and no fusion of gametes

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2
Q

advantages of asexual repro

A

rapid; no mate needed; good env = good offspring

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3
Q

types of asexual repro

A

budding, fission, fragmentation/regeneration, parthenogenesis

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4
Q

budding

A

asexual repro; small part of parent body seperates and becomes offspring; only inverts; ex: sponges, cnidaria

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5
Q

fission

A

asexual repro; only invert; parent becomes 2 offspring due to parent splitting

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6
Q

fragmentation and regeneration

A

asexual repro; parent breaks into frags; ex: sea stars; piece produces missing parts

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7
Q

parthenogenesis

A

unfert eg becomes adult; ex: bees, wasps, ants

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

meiosis and games: 2n becomes n; small, motile, flagellated male sperm and large non motile female egg w nutr (ovum) combine in fertilization

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9
Q

disadvantages of sexual repro

A

reproductive handicap of sex

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10
Q

advantages of sexual repro

A

genetic recomination: offspring may be better suited to env than parents, pop may rid itself of harmful genes more easily

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11
Q

reproductive cycles

A

usually seasonal; env cues trigger hormonal secretion control repro cycles; produce offspring only when env = suitable; asexual or sexual choice

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12
Q

greenland caribu repro cycle

A

migrate to calving ground in spring bc plants = nutr; before 1993 arrive at same time as plants sprout; since 1993 avg spring temp inc 4 degrees celcius and plants sprout earlier but caribu mirgation trigger = day length not temp so avg # of caribu dec by 75%

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13
Q

water flea repro cycle

A

2 types of eggs; 1 requires fert to dev and is used when env is stressful (sexual); 1 undergos parthenogenesis when env is favorable (asexual)

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14
Q

hermaphorditism

A

sexual; only ind w male and female rpro sys; either self fert or cross fert

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15
Q

sequential hermaphorditism

A

ind reverses sex during lifetime: protogynous and protoandrous

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16
Q

protogynous

A

sequential herm: female first then male

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17
Q

protoandrous

A

sequential herm: male first then female

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18
Q

hermaphorditism in wrasses

A

reef fish that live in harems; remove male and the largest/oldest female changes to male

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19
Q

harem

A

group of orgs w lots of females and one male

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20
Q

function of male repro sys

A

spermatogenesis; delivers sperm into female repro tract

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21
Q

testes (testis)

A

male gonads; consist of: semineferous tubules and laydig cell

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22
Q

semineferous tubules

A

long, hollow tubes; tiny diameter; sit of spermatogenesis; part of testes

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23
Q

laydig cell

A

part of testes; btwn tubules; produce testosterone and other hormones to promotes repro, behavior, growth, homeostasis, and metabolism

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24
Q

epididymis

A

coiled tube; functions: sperm maturation (3 wks to become motile and then travel through coiled tube), sperm transport, sperm storage

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25
Q

scrotum

A

sac containing testes and epididymis; suspended from groin “outside of body (descended) bc sperm cells don’t dev at body temp (need 1-2 degrees cooler), temp effects production and longitivity of sperm; exceptions: elephants w naturally low internal body temp

26
Q

vas deferens

A

sperm ducts one from each epididymis; each epties into ejaculatory duct; from scrotum to pelvic cavity; site of vasectomy

27
Q

vasectomy

A

site = vas deferens; ligation prevents sperm from entering seminal stream

28
Q

ejaculation

A

sperm travels from epididymis through vas deferenes

29
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

passes through prostate gland; joins at urehtra

30
Q

urethra

A

urine and semen pass through penis

31
Q

penis

A

copulatory organ; urethra runs down middle; erectile tissue w 3 parallel columns; glands and prepuse

32
Q

glands

A

tip of penis; many sensoy nerons

33
Q

prepuse

A

foreskin of penis; site of circumcision

34
Q

erection pathway

A

(1) sexual stimulation (2) release of NO from endothelial cells (3) smooth muscle in arterial wall relax (4) vasoldilation of arteries (5) erectile tissue swells (6) erection

35
Q

endothelial cells

A

cells lining blood vessels

36
Q

accessory glands of the male repro sys

A

secretes; seminal vessicles; prostate; semen

37
Q

seminal vessicles

A

pair; produce and secrete fluid w fructose that provides E for motile sperm; prostaglandins; secreted into vas deferens; 60% of total semen volume; yellow pigment that fluoresces (CSI); accessory gland

38
Q

prostaglandins

A

in seminal vessicle fluid; stimulates contraction of female uterus and guides sperm up

39
Q

prostate gland

A

accessory gland; secretes anticoagulant enz and citrate (nutr) into urethra; common cancer

40
Q

semen

A

accessory gland; final product; mixture of sperm and ejac fluid

41
Q

pathway of semen

A

SEVEN UP; Semi t, Epi, Vas deferens, Ejac duct, Nothing, Urethra, Penis

42
Q

where are mature sperm cells produced

A

testes

43
Q

embryonic sperm cells

A

primordial germ cells divide and differentiate; spermatogonial stem cells (2n)

44
Q

mature sperm cells

A

spermatogonial sperm cells (2n) undergo mitosis to become spermatogonia

45
Q

sperm cells

A

head, mid-piece, tail = flagellum

46
Q

head of a sperm cell

A

nuclus w genes; acrosome on surface of head

47
Q

acrosome

A

mem bound vessicle w enz for egg penetration; in head of spem cell

48
Q

mid-piece of sperm cell

A

lots of mito w ATP that provides E for movement

49
Q

spermatogonia

A

walls of seminferus tubles; undiff cells; continuous mitosis to promote more spermatogenesis; some divide into primary spermatocytes (2n); about 3m

50
Q

pathway of mature sperm production

A

spermtogonium (2n), mitosis, primary spermatocytes, meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes (n), meiosis II, 4 early spermatids (n), differentiation, 4 mature sperm cells (n)

51
Q

androgens

A

principle male sex horones; testosterone is most important

52
Q

hormone cascade pathway in males

A

hypothalamus; gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH); pituitary protal vein; anterior pituitary releases 2 gonadotropins: LH and FSH

53
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin released by anterior pituitary; target = leydig cells in testes; leydig cells secrete androgens

54
Q

testosterone

A

need inc levels for spermatogensis; need for puberty

55
Q

healthy sperm count

A

15-20 million sperm/mL semen

56
Q

low sperm count

A

less than 15 million sperm/mL semen

57
Q

puberty

A

sexual maturation; primary and secondary sex characterisitcs; adolescent growth spurt

58
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

repro organ dev

59
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

facial/body hair, deeper voice, muscle dev

60
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

gonadotropin released by anterior pituitary; dev of semin tubules; stimulate sertoli cells; inhibited by inhibin

61
Q

sertoli cells

A

secrete androgen binding protein (ABP): bind to testosterone and maintain inc levels of testosterone in testes, “sequesters”

62
Q

inhibin

A

peptide horone secreted by sertoli cells

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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