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Biology 116 > Reproduction I > Flashcards

Reproduction I Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

2+ identical offspring (clones); no meiosis and no fusion of gametes

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2
Q

advantages of asexual repro

A

rapid; no mate needed; good env = good offspring

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3
Q

types of asexual repro

A

budding, fission, fragmentation/regeneration, parthenogenesis

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4
Q

budding

A

asexual repro; small part of parent body seperates and becomes offspring; only inverts; ex: sponges, cnidaria

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5
Q

fission

A

asexual repro; only invert; parent becomes 2 offspring due to parent splitting

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6
Q

fragmentation and regeneration

A

asexual repro; parent breaks into frags; ex: sea stars; piece produces missing parts

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7
Q

parthenogenesis

A

unfert eg becomes adult; ex: bees, wasps, ants

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

meiosis and games: 2n becomes n; small, motile, flagellated male sperm and large non motile female egg w nutr (ovum) combine in fertilization

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9
Q

disadvantages of sexual repro

A

reproductive handicap of sex

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10
Q

advantages of sexual repro

A

genetic recomination: offspring may be better suited to env than parents, pop may rid itself of harmful genes more easily

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11
Q

reproductive cycles

A

usually seasonal; env cues trigger hormonal secretion control repro cycles; produce offspring only when env = suitable; asexual or sexual choice

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12
Q

greenland caribu repro cycle

A

migrate to calving ground in spring bc plants = nutr; before 1993 arrive at same time as plants sprout; since 1993 avg spring temp inc 4 degrees celcius and plants sprout earlier but caribu mirgation trigger = day length not temp so avg # of caribu dec by 75%

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13
Q

water flea repro cycle

A

2 types of eggs; 1 requires fert to dev and is used when env is stressful (sexual); 1 undergos parthenogenesis when env is favorable (asexual)

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14
Q

hermaphorditism

A

sexual; only ind w male and female rpro sys; either self fert or cross fert

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15
Q

sequential hermaphorditism

A

ind reverses sex during lifetime: protogynous and protoandrous

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16
Q

protogynous

A

sequential herm: female first then male

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17
Q

protoandrous

A

sequential herm: male first then female

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18
Q

hermaphorditism in wrasses

A

reef fish that live in harems; remove male and the largest/oldest female changes to male

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19
Q

harem

A

group of orgs w lots of females and one male

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20
Q

function of male repro sys

A

spermatogenesis; delivers sperm into female repro tract

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21
Q

testes (testis)

A

male gonads; consist of: semineferous tubules and laydig cell

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22
Q

semineferous tubules

A

long, hollow tubes; tiny diameter; sit of spermatogenesis; part of testes

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23
Q

laydig cell

A

part of testes; btwn tubules; produce testosterone and other hormones to promotes repro, behavior, growth, homeostasis, and metabolism

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24
Q

epididymis

A

coiled tube; functions: sperm maturation (3 wks to become motile and then travel through coiled tube), sperm transport, sperm storage

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25
scrotum
sac containing testes and epididymis; suspended from groin "outside of body (descended) bc sperm cells don't dev at body temp (need 1-2 degrees cooler), temp effects production and longitivity of sperm; exceptions: elephants w naturally low internal body temp
26
vas deferens
sperm ducts one from each epididymis; each epties into ejaculatory duct; from scrotum to pelvic cavity; site of vasectomy
27
vasectomy
site = vas deferens; ligation prevents sperm from entering seminal stream
28
ejaculation
sperm travels from epididymis through vas deferenes
29
ejaculatory duct
passes through prostate gland; joins at urehtra
30
urethra
urine and semen pass through penis
31
penis
copulatory organ; urethra runs down middle; erectile tissue w 3 parallel columns; glands and prepuse
32
glands
tip of penis; many sensoy nerons
33
prepuse
foreskin of penis; site of circumcision
34
erection pathway
(1) sexual stimulation (2) release of NO from endothelial cells (3) smooth muscle in arterial wall relax (4) vasoldilation of arteries (5) erectile tissue swells (6) erection
35
endothelial cells
cells lining blood vessels
36
accessory glands of the male repro sys
secretes; seminal vessicles; prostate; semen
37
seminal vessicles
pair; produce and secrete fluid w fructose that provides E for motile sperm; prostaglandins; secreted into vas deferens; 60% of total semen volume; yellow pigment that fluoresces (CSI); accessory gland
38
prostaglandins
in seminal vessicle fluid; stimulates contraction of female uterus and guides sperm up
39
prostate gland
accessory gland; secretes anticoagulant enz and citrate (nutr) into urethra; common cancer
40
semen
accessory gland; final product; mixture of sperm and ejac fluid
41
pathway of semen
SEVEN UP; Semi t, Epi, Vas deferens, Ejac duct, Nothing, Urethra, Penis
42
where are mature sperm cells produced
testes
43
embryonic sperm cells
primordial germ cells divide and differentiate; spermatogonial stem cells (2n)
44
mature sperm cells
spermatogonial sperm cells (2n) undergo mitosis to become spermatogonia
45
sperm cells
head, mid-piece, tail = flagellum
46
head of a sperm cell
nuclus w genes; acrosome on surface of head
47
acrosome
mem bound vessicle w enz for egg penetration; in head of spem cell
48
mid-piece of sperm cell
lots of mito w ATP that provides E for movement
49
spermatogonia
walls of seminferus tubles; undiff cells; continuous mitosis to promote more spermatogenesis; some divide into primary spermatocytes (2n); about 3m
50
pathway of mature sperm production
spermtogonium (2n), mitosis, primary spermatocytes, meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes (n), meiosis II, 4 early spermatids (n), differentiation, 4 mature sperm cells (n)
51
androgens
principle male sex horones; testosterone is most important
52
hormone cascade pathway in males
hypothalamus; gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH); pituitary protal vein; anterior pituitary releases 2 gonadotropins: LH and FSH
53
luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotropin released by anterior pituitary; target = leydig cells in testes; leydig cells secrete androgens
54
testosterone
need inc levels for spermatogensis; need for puberty
55
healthy sperm count
15-20 million sperm/mL semen
56
low sperm count
less than 15 million sperm/mL semen
57
puberty
sexual maturation; primary and secondary sex characterisitcs; adolescent growth spurt
58
primary sex characteristics
repro organ dev
59
secondary sex characteristics
facial/body hair, deeper voice, muscle dev
60
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
gonadotropin released by anterior pituitary; dev of semin tubules; stimulate sertoli cells; inhibited by inhibin
61
sertoli cells
secrete androgen binding protein (ABP): bind to testosterone and maintain inc levels of testosterone in testes, "sequesters"
62
inhibin
peptide horone secreted by sertoli cells

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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