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Biology 116 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

4 stages of heterotrophs

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

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2
Q

ingestion

A

Filter feeding: aquatic animals strain water
Substrate feeding: org live on/in food source
Fluid feeding: org sucks nutr out of living host
Bulk feeding: org eats large pieces of food

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3
Q

digestion

A

Break down complex org molecules into small molecules for cell uptake
Mechanical: breakdown large piece of food into smaller pieces
Chemical: enzymatic hydrolysis, break bonds w H2O

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4
Q

absorption

A

Cells uptake small molecules broken down via digestion

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5
Q

elimination

A

Anything not used by cells is removed

Ex: undigested material passes out of digestive sys

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6
Q

digestive compartments

A

prevents enz from digesting yourself; intracellular digestion vs extracellular digestion

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7
Q

intracellular digestion

A

via food vacuoles fuse w lysosomes; hydrolytic enz break down food in closed compartment

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8
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown food in compartments continuous w the outside of body via gastrovascular cavity; via alimentary canal complete digestive sys

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9
Q

alimentary canal

A

one way tube w 2 openings on each side specialized into compartments w specific processing functions

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10
Q

accessory glands in human digestive sys

A

exocrine secretes guices through ducts; 3 pairs of salivary glands; pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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11
Q

human digestive sys

A

alimentary canal; accessory glands; peristalsis; sphincters

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12
Q

peristalsis

A

smooth muscle w alternating waves on contractions/relaxations throughout DT

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13
Q

sphincters

A

ring like muscular valves that reg pass of material from one compartment to another

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14
Q

before ingestion

A

digestive sys already triggered; NS initiates salivary secretions; mouth watering!

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15
Q

digestive pathway

A

oral cavity; pharynx; esophagous; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; liver

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16
Q

oral cavity

A

site of ingestion + inital digestions; mechanical via teeth & chem via salivary galnds serete salivary amylase to hydrolyzes starch + glycogen which are broken down into smaller polysacs + maltose (disac); mix w salivary mucus to act as lubricant w muins; use tongue to form bolus + move toward pharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

muins

A

glycoproteins help things move around; protects mouth lining

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18
Q

bolus

A

lump of food

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19
Q

pharynx

A

“hallway” to digestive sys +resp sys during swallowing epiglottis (small tissue flap) must cover glottis (opening to tracheea) to ensure food goes down DS not RS

20
Q

esophagous

A

muscular tube btwn pharynx and stomach; cardiac spincter; utilizes peristalsis to get bolus down to stomach

21
Q

cardiac spincter

A

valve @ junction btwn pharynx + stomach opens via smooth muscle

22
Q

stomach

A

very elastic walls w many fold allows expansion ~2L capacity; can store entire meal so don’t have to constantly eat; stomach lining; HCl

23
Q

stomach lining

A

not completely smooth had pits + leads into tubular gastric glands that secrete gastric juice; mucos cells; chief cells; parietal cells

24
Q

mucos cells

A

secrete mucus to protect stomach lining; new lining every 3 days

25
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen; inactive precursor to pepsin

26
Q

parietal cells

A

ATP pumps put H+ into sotmach lumen; combines w Cl- (from PC) in lumen; forms HCl w pH=2

27
Q

HCl

A

antimicrobial = kills most bac digested w food; remove short part of pepsinoge PPc reveal enz active site pepsin; proteolytic enz breakdown protein acts as endopeptidase; break internal protein bonds creates smaller polypeptides not AAs

28
Q

chyme

A

food after stomach w pH=2; soupy mix of: partially digested carbs from mouth, smaller polypep from stomach, undigested material; moves through pyloric sphincter to small intestine

29
Q

small intestine

A

6m long “small” bc smaller diameter vs. LI; 3 divisions: duodenum (major site of chem digestion), jejunum, illeum; char by large SA due to lots of microvilli + membrane folds on exposed intestinal epithilelial cell surface allows for lots of absorption; pancreatic juice arrive

30
Q

pancreatic juice

A

many enz; small intestine; HCO3-: bicarbonate, very basic, neutralizes acidity of chyme; duct carries to duodenum; exocrine

31
Q

large intestine

A

colon; illeocecal sphincter = valve from SI to LI; 4 divisions: asending colon, tranverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon; lots of beneficial bac live here: out compete pathogens, produce absorpable vits (K, thiamine, riboflavin, B12); feces = eliminated

32
Q

elimination

A

get rid of digestive waste; material not part of metabolism; passed out via anal sphincter (75% H2O + 25% solid)

33
Q

liver

A

strategic location btwn intestines + heart; capillaries from SI turn into veins turn to hepatic portal vein

34
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

transports blood to liver; this blood has all recently digested/absorbed food; all nutr!; liver gets first dibs to absorbed nutr from intestines

35
Q

liver functions

A

remove excess glucose from blood to store as glycogen; convert nutr into new substances ex: protein syn, fat syn if excess calories; detox + modificaiton before ingested substances go anywhere else (alcohol + drugs) inactivated, excreted into urine

36
Q

carbohydrates

A

poly sac to monosac to cell uptake; oral cavity: salivary amylase; stomach: no carb breakdown; small intestine: pancreatic amylase, carbs broken down to disac, disac break down to monosac

37
Q

protein

A

polypeptides, cell uptake AA only; oral cavity: none; stomach: pepsin; small intestine: pancreas sends tryspin + chymetrypsin to cleave specific bonds by specific AAs; produces: dipeptidases (hydrolyzes peptids ind AAs), carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidases

38
Q

pepsin

A

short polypeptides, still too big for cells

39
Q

carboxypeptidases

A

start @ carboxy end

40
Q

aminopeptidases

A

start at amino end; cleave off single AAs

41
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA+RNA = need to break down to N bases, sugars, phosphates; oral cavity: none; stomach: none; small intestine: from pancrease PJ has pancreatic nucleases, produces nucleotides + phosphates, breaks down DNA/RNA

42
Q

lipids

A

ingested as triacylglycerids; problem: fat are hydrophobic, enz use hydrolysis can only access surface of fats NOT FA tails; oral cavity: very little; stomach: very little; bile salts; small intestine: PJ w pancreatic lipase, glycerol, FA, monoglyceiides

43
Q

bile salts

A

ahere to fats; emulsification breaks up large masses of fats into smaller droplets; more SA for enz to access bbc droplets are just the fat surface

44
Q

intestinal wall (SI)

A

most nutr absorbed here; w capillaries (blood vessel); w lateal: lymph vessel, transport of nutr from tissue to blood; villus cell layer (1st) + capillary/lateal cell layer (2nd) seperate nutr in SI lumen

45
Q

nutr absorption process

A

simple diffusion follows concen grad (ex: water); some need combo: AT into epithelial SI cells + FD into blood; FD follows concen grad, need transport protein (ex: fructose); AT against concen grad need E + transport protein (ex: Na+, K+)

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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