Unikont Diversity (Fungi)

Question 1

origin

Answer 1

evo from unicellular flagellated ancestor; animals, fungi, and related protists form the opestinoicant clade; animals and fungi may have diverged into seperate lineages about 1-1.5 bya; nucleariids

Question 2

nucleariids

Answer 2

heterotrophic amoebas (protists); close ancestors of fungi

Question 3

colonization of land

Answer 3

fungi before plants; before plant colonization life on earth = “green slime”

Question 4

“green slime” earth

Answer 4

cyanobac, algae, small heterotrophs = fungi

Question 5

fungi

Answer 5

nearly all multicellular (yeast are unicellular); not photosynthetic; absorptive heterotrophs; cell wall

Question 6

fungi are not plants

Answer 6

no chlorophyll, no chloroplast

Question 7

absorptive heterotrophs

Answer 7

get food from outside sources; do not ingest/digest food w/i bodies (fungi are not animals)

Question 8

absorptive process

Answer 8

secrete hydrolases (hydrolytic enz); enz breakdown polymers into monomers; fungi prefer moist env; “predigested” food is absorbed

Question 9

cell wall

Answer 9

chitin; N-containig polysac; strong, flexible, durable; fungi are hard to kill

Question 10

decomposer fungi

Answer 10

absorb nutr from non-living matter

Question 11

parastitic fungi

Answer 11

absorb nut from living host cells

Question 12

mutualist fungi

Answer 12

absorb nutr from host; fungi will reciprocate w/ actions to benefit host

Question 13

hyphae

Answer 13

basic buliding block of fungi body; long, branching, threadlike filaments; tubular cell walls; grow and secrete hydrolases; expand into new food resources

Question 14

mycellium

Answer 14

tangled mass of hyphae; feeding network; increases SA:vol

Question 15

reproductive strutctures

Answer 15

utilize spores

Question 16

spore prodction

Answer 16

aerial hypae; fruiting body = mushroom (complex multicell repro structure

Question 17

septate hyphae

Answer 17

hyphae divided into cells by cross walls; “seta”; pores allow organelles and cytoplasm to flow through

Question 18

coenocytic hyphae

Answer 18

not divided into ind cells; one big cell w/ many nuclei

Question 19

haustoria

Answer 19

specialized hyphae that penetrate host tissue; used to extract/extange nutr w/ plant hosts

Question 20

mycorrhizae

Answer 20

mutually beneficial relationship btwn fungi and plant roots; more efficient than plant roots at getting soil nutr; deliver phosphate ions and mineral to plants; plants supply fungi w/ organic nutr like carbs; most vascular plants have mycorrhizae

Question 21

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 21

type of mycorrhizae fungi; forms sheets of hyphae over a root and grows into extra cellular spaces of root

Question 22

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 22

type of mycorrhizae fungi; entends hyphae throgh cell walls of root cells and into tubes; tubes lead to root cell membranes

Question 23

spores

Answer 23

haploid (n); produced in either tip of aerial hypae or in fruiting body; produced sexualy or asexually; not motile (no falgells) - must be dispersed via wind, water, animals (transport mechs); need to land in moist env w/ food to germinate and produce new mycellium

Question 24

asexual reproduction

Answer 24

grow as filamentus fungi and produce more spores via mitosis (ex: mold); or budding cell division (ex: unicellular yeast)

Question 25

steps of sexual reproduction

Answer 25

(1) hyphae from 2 mycellium produce phermones and if mycellium are diff mating types (2) phermones bind to opp receptors once they pass comptability test producing genetic var (3) hyphae will extend toward source of phermones (4) meet and "fuse" haploid nuclei don't fuse together, undergo plasmogamy, creates heterokaryon, dikaryotic mycellium (n+n) (5) mycellium grows via mitosis, still no fusion of nuclei (6) undergo karyogamy (2n) (7) meiosis will eventually make haploid spores

Question 26

heterokaryon

Answer 26

fused coexisting genetically diff mycellium nuclei

Question 27

dikaryotic mycellium

Answer 27

n+n

Question 28

karyogamy

Answer 28

nuclei fuse creating 2n zygote; step 6 of sexual repro

Question 29

mating types

Answer 29

genes that encode for enz that produce phermones and permone receptors; depends on phermones produced by varient alleles of some gene

Question 30

phermones

Answer 30

sexual signaling moelcules

Question 31

chytrids

Answer 31

found in various habitats; terresterial, marine, freshwater; flagellated spores (zoospores); diverged early in fungi evo

Question 32

zygomycetes

Answer 32

mostly decomposers in soil; feed on decayed matter; ex: Rhizopus stoloriter (black bread mold)

Question 33

glomeromyetes

Answer 33

arbuscular mycorrhizae; through cell walls, tubes, cell membrane

Question 34

blasdomycetes

Answer 34

bracet fungi, puff balls, agariucus bisporus (edible mushroom), wheat rust, corn smut

Question 35

ascomycetes

Answer 35

phylum w/ most spp; single celled filaments; sac fungi; septate, perforated hyphae; ex: penicillium, morel and truffles, baker's yeast, licheans

Question 36

sac fungi

Answer 36

sexually produced spores formed in microscopic sacs ("asci")

Question 37

ascomycetes asexual life cycle

Answer 37

fast repro; releases haploid conidia spores produced in condiophores that break off, germinate, and undergo mitosis

Question 38

ascomycetes sexual life cycle

Answer 38

condiai (n) fuse w/ specialized hypha (n) of opp mating type; plasmogamy only produces dikaryotic hyphae (n+n); cells at tips of dikaryotic hypae develop into many asci and karyogamy occurs w/i each ascus

Question 39

ascocarp

Answer 39

ascomycetes fruiting body; sexual repro; intertwining of monokaryotic and dikaryotic hypae

Question 40

meiosis w/i each ascus of ascomycetes

Answer 40

4 genetically diff nuclei (n); mitosis 2x; 8 ascospores; discharged from asci; dispersed, germinate, if conditions favorable; growth!

Question 41

ecological importance of decomposers

Answer 41

breakdown non-living organic matter; releases inorganic nutr into ecosys

Question 42

fungus-plant mutualist relationship

Answer 42

mycorrhizal fungi; endophytes

Question 43

endophytes

Answer 43

fungi w/i leaves of other part; don't harm plant; in grasses, fungi releases toxins to deter herbivores; plant tolerance env stress

Question 44

fungus-animal mutualist relationship

Answer 44

ex: breaks down plant material in gut of cattle

Question 45

lichens

Answer 45

mutualist relationship; ascomycete provides habitat for photosyn oicroorg like algae or cyanobac which give the fungus C-compounds; on surfaces of rocks, trees, roofs

Question 46

ecological importance of parasites

Answer 46

absorb nutr. from living host; chestnut blight in plants; myecosis - fungal infection in animals; ex: ringworm ascomycetes (athlete's foot); synthetic myscosis

Question 47

myecosis

Answer 47

fungal infection in animals

Question 48

synthetic mycosis

Answer 48

spores inhaled; spread and grow throughout body

Question 49

practical uses of fungi

Answer 49

consumption (ex: morels, truffles); cheese production; antibiotics; research orgs (ex: S.cerevisae in molecular genetics); yeast ferments anaerobes and turns sugar to alcohol