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Biology 116 > Unikont Diversity (Fungi) > Flashcards

Unikont Diversity (Fungi) Flashcards

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1
Q

origin

A

evo from unicellular flagellated ancestor; animals, fungi, and related protists form the opestinoicant clade; animals and fungi may have diverged into seperate lineages about 1-1.5 bya; nucleariids

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2
Q

nucleariids

A

heterotrophic amoebas (protists); close ancestors of fungi

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3
Q

colonization of land

A

fungi before plants; before plant colonization life on earth = “green slime”

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4
Q

“green slime” earth

A

cyanobac, algae, small heterotrophs = fungi

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5
Q

fungi

A

nearly all multicellular (yeast are unicellular); not photosynthetic; absorptive heterotrophs; cell wall

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6
Q

fungi are not plants

A

no chlorophyll, no chloroplast

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7
Q

absorptive heterotrophs

A

get food from outside sources; do not ingest/digest food w/i bodies (fungi are not animals)

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8
Q

absorptive process

A

secrete hydrolases (hydrolytic enz); enz breakdown polymers into monomers; fungi prefer moist env; “predigested” food is absorbed

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9
Q

cell wall

A

chitin; N-containig polysac; strong, flexible, durable; fungi are hard to kill

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10
Q

decomposer fungi

A

absorb nutr from non-living matter

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11
Q

parastitic fungi

A

absorb nut from living host cells

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12
Q

mutualist fungi

A

absorb nutr from host; fungi will reciprocate w/ actions to benefit host

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13
Q

hyphae

A

basic buliding block of fungi body; long, branching, threadlike filaments; tubular cell walls; grow and secrete hydrolases; expand into new food resources

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14
Q

mycellium

A

tangled mass of hyphae; feeding network; increases SA:vol

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15
Q

reproductive strutctures

A

utilize spores

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16
Q

spore prodction

A

aerial hypae; fruiting body = mushroom (complex multicell repro structure

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17
Q

septate hyphae

A

hyphae divided into cells by cross walls; “seta”; pores allow organelles and cytoplasm to flow through

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18
Q

coenocytic hyphae

A

not divided into ind cells; one big cell w/ many nuclei

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19
Q

haustoria

A

specialized hyphae that penetrate host tissue; used to extract/extange nutr w/ plant hosts

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20
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutually beneficial relationship btwn fungi and plant roots; more efficient than plant roots at getting soil nutr; deliver phosphate ions and mineral to plants; plants supply fungi w/ organic nutr like carbs; most vascular plants have mycorrhizae

21
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

type of mycorrhizae fungi; forms sheets of hyphae over a root and grows into extra cellular spaces of root

22
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

type of mycorrhizae fungi; entends hyphae throgh cell walls of root cells and into tubes; tubes lead to root cell membranes

23
Q

spores

A

haploid (n); produced in either tip of aerial hypae or in fruiting body; produced sexualy or asexually; not motile (no falgells) - must be dispersed via wind, water, animals (transport mechs); need to land in moist env w/ food to germinate and produce new mycellium

24
Q

asexual reproduction

A

grow as filamentus fungi and produce more spores via mitosis (ex: mold); or budding cell division (ex: unicellular yeast)

25
Q

steps of sexual reproduction

A

(1) hyphae from 2 mycellium produce phermones and if mycellium are diff mating types (2) phermones bind to opp receptors once they pass comptability test producing genetic var (3) hyphae will extend toward source of phermones (4) meet and “fuse” haploid nuclei don’t fuse together, undergo plasmogamy, creates heterokaryon, dikaryotic mycellium (n+n) (5) mycellium grows via mitosis, still no fusion of nuclei (6) undergo karyogamy (2n) (7) meiosis will eventually make haploid spores

26
Q

heterokaryon

A

fused coexisting genetically diff mycellium nuclei

27
Q

dikaryotic mycellium

A

n+n

28
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclei fuse creating 2n zygote; step 6 of sexual repro

29
Q

mating types

A

genes that encode for enz that produce phermones and permone receptors; depends on phermones produced by varient alleles of some gene

30
Q

phermones

A

sexual signaling moelcules

31
Q

chytrids

A

found in various habitats; terresterial, marine, freshwater; flagellated spores (zoospores); diverged early in fungi evo

32
Q

zygomycetes

A

mostly decomposers in soil; feed on decayed matter; ex: Rhizopus stoloriter (black bread mold)

33
Q

glomeromyetes

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae; through cell walls, tubes, cell membrane

34
Q

blasdomycetes

A

bracet fungi, puff balls, agariucus bisporus (edible mushroom), wheat rust, corn smut

35
Q

ascomycetes

A

phylum w/ most spp; single celled filaments; sac fungi; septate, perforated hyphae; ex: penicillium, morel and truffles, baker’s yeast, licheans

36
Q

sac fungi

A

sexually produced spores formed in microscopic sacs (“asci”)

37
Q

ascomycetes asexual life cycle

A

fast repro; releases haploid conidia spores produced in condiophores that break off, germinate, and undergo mitosis

38
Q

ascomycetes sexual life cycle

A

condiai (n) fuse w/ specialized hypha (n) of opp mating type; plasmogamy only produces dikaryotic hyphae (n+n); cells at tips of dikaryotic hypae develop into many asci and karyogamy occurs w/i each ascus

39
Q

ascocarp

A

ascomycetes fruiting body; sexual repro; intertwining of monokaryotic and dikaryotic hypae

40
Q

meiosis w/i each ascus of ascomycetes

A

4 genetically diff nuclei (n); mitosis 2x; 8 ascospores; discharged from asci; dispersed, germinate, if conditions favorable; growth!

41
Q

ecological importance of decomposers

A

breakdown non-living organic matter; releases inorganic nutr into ecosys

42
Q

fungus-plant mutualist relationship

A

mycorrhizal fungi; endophytes

43
Q

endophytes

A

fungi w/i leaves of other part; don’t harm plant; in grasses, fungi releases toxins to deter herbivores; plant tolerance env stress

44
Q

fungus-animal mutualist relationship

A

ex: breaks down plant material in gut of cattle

45
Q

lichens

A

mutualist relationship; ascomycete provides habitat for photosyn oicroorg like algae or cyanobac which give the fungus C-compounds; on surfaces of rocks, trees, roofs

46
Q

ecological importance of parasites

A

absorb nutr. from living host; chestnut blight in plants; myecosis - fungal infection in animals; ex: ringworm ascomycetes (athlete’s foot); synthetic myscosis

47
Q

myecosis

A

fungal infection in animals

48
Q

synthetic mycosis

A

spores inhaled; spread and grow throughout body

49
Q

practical uses of fungi

A

consumption (ex: morels, truffles); cheese production; antibiotics; research orgs (ex: S.cerevisae in molecular genetics); yeast ferments anaerobes and turns sugar to alcohol

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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