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Biology 116 > Respiration/Excretion > Flashcards

Respiration/Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

aeorobic cell resp

A

occurs in mito

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2
Q

organismic resp

A

gas extange btwn org + env; O2 + CO2

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3
Q

partial pressure

A

pressure exerted by particular gas in mixture of gases; air we breathe = mixture of gases; ex: O2 @ sea level, atm p = 760mmHg, atm = 21% O2, PPO2 = .21 x 760mmHg = 160mHg; gases always undergo net diffusion from higher PP to lower PP

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4
Q

calculating PP

A

need to know: total P mixture exerts; fraction of mixture represented by gas of interest

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5
Q

small acquatic organisms

A

<1mm thick; no specialized CS or RS; rely on simple diffusion to supply all gas extange needs: O2 diffuses into org, CO2 diffuses out of org; cell mem of every cell in contact w ext env due to small size

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6
Q

resp in large orgs (>1mm thick)

A

diffusion = to slow to meet gas exchange needs bc they’re too big; utilize specialized CS + RS

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7
Q

char of resp structures

A

adapted for gas excahnge btwn org + env through air or water

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8
Q

structural features of resp structures

A

thin wall allows for diffusion; large SA: rate of diffusion proportional to SA; always moist: gas be problematic for terrestrial orgs, gases dissolve best in H2O medium + can’t diffuse through dry resp structures; lots of blood vessels = inc exchange of gases

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9
Q

diffusion

A

slow, need to minimize transport/exchange distance

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10
Q

body surfaces

A

orgs that use their body surface as resp structure; simplist type of resp structure; relatively small orgs (high SA:vol); low metabolic rate + don’t require lots of O2 for cell work; if terrestrial, wil be in moist env; may be gills/lungs as well; will not work for larger, more active orgs; bigger orgs = more distance gases need to travel to reach cells in need

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11
Q

gills

A

most common resp structure in multicellular acquatic orgs; specialized for gas exchange in H2O; char by evaginated exchange surfaces: extend out from body, outer surface in contact w H2O , inner surface in contact w CS, large SA

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12
Q

ventilation

A

mechanism to move H2O (or air) over the resp structure

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13
Q

ventilation in fish

A

if in water that’s not moving (lentic) water in contact w gills soon depleated of O2; fish need to continue swimming for gils to pick up O2; must have opperculum

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14
Q

opperculum

A

external boney plate covering gills that acts like pump to p ush water through mouth + across gills for exchange

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15
Q

gill arch

A

cartilage w 2 rows of filaments; filaments = flattened plates = lamellae

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16
Q

afferent arteries

A

blood to filaments

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17
Q

efferent arteries

A

blood out of filaments

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18
Q

arteries

A

connected to capillary beds; inc exchange

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19
Q

purposeful arrangedment of structures in bony fish

A

as water flows across lamellae, O2 uptake is maximized

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20
Q

function of gills

A

by countercurrent exhange system; blood + water flow in opposite directions; @ each point gill, blood meets up w water: water w inc O2 content vs blood, PPO2 in water is higher than PPO@ in blood, O2 goes from high (wateR) to low (blood) blood w O2!; maximize diffusion of gases

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21
Q

why no gills in terrestrial org?

A

dessication: drying out; no support bc gills supported by H2O

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22
Q

2 major types of resp structures

A

tracheal systems in insects; lungs in animals

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23
Q

tracheal systems

A

insects; char by netowrk of air tubes that branch throuhgout body

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24
Q

trachea

A

largest of tubes, open to outside air env; continuously branches into finer + finer braches until sys in contact w all cells in body; gas exahange occurs across moist epithelium that lines tips of tracheal braches; O2 + CO2 transport occurs w/o CS due to air being brought so close to nearly every cell

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25
Q

human resp

A

lungs are part of RS; lungs + tube sys; lungs not in direct contact w other parts of body; need CS to transport gases, CS+RS work together

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26
Q

human resp structures

A

nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

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27
Q

hostrils

A

air enters body

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28
Q

nasal cavities

A

air warms + moistens

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29
Q

pharynx

A

leads into esphagus to DS; leads into laryns via glottis

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30
Q

epiglottis

A

covers glottis during swallowing

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31
Q

larynx

A

chamber surounded + supported by cartilage wall; vocal chords; cough reflex

32
Q

vocal chords

A

elastic folds of tissue when air passes over them, they vibrate; connected voluntary muscles; tension = pitch of sounds

33
Q

cough reflex

A

any material in glottis hacked up

34
Q

trachea

A

air duct from larynx to thoracic cavity; C-shaped cartilage embedded for support; leads to lungs and divide into 2 bronchi

35
Q

lungs

A

pair, spongey, elastic w/i thoratic cavity; each bronchus braches into smaller bronchicles; smallest bronchicles end w alveoli

36
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs w enormous SA; each alveoli w single layer of epithelial cells surrounded by rich network of capilaries; site of gas exchange

37
Q

entire human resp sys lined w

A

ciliated epithelium + many mucus cells; mucus traps foregin particles, cilia moves mucus towards throat; mucus swallowed into DS; prevent pathogens + bad air entering lower RS

38
Q

breathing

A

mechanical process moves air into and out of lungs via inhalation + exhalation

39
Q

neg pressure breating in mammals

A

pressure in lungs lower than air outside body; gas flows outside to inside; from high P to low P air is pulled in

40
Q

exhalation

A

passive process; no more inhalation; diphram + rib muscles relax; everythign back to resting position; thoratic cavity decreases in size as air rushes out; birds: not passive bc exhalation can occur as inhalation occurs

41
Q

inhalation

A

utilize rib cage; external intercostel muscles contract and ribs are lifted upwars to change angle of ribs and increase size of thoratic cavity; diaphram contracts well (dome + sheet of skeletal muscle): attached along lower ribs, forms bottom wall of throatic cavity, larger thoratic cavity for lots of air to enter

42
Q

rib cage

A

12 pairs of ribs + muscles

43
Q

breating @ each lung

A

each enclosed by double walled sac = plural mem; inner layer of sac adheres to lungs while outer layers of sac adheres to thoratic cavity; seperated by thing fluid filled space; fluid as surface tension that causes layers to stick together; outer layer connecting TC + inner alyer contacting lungs all change volume together

44
Q

control of breathing

A

you can hold your breath voluntarily: only short time, until autonomic NS kicks into regulated breathing (not under conscious control)

45
Q

medulla oblongata

A

breating control center in the brain; est breathing rhythm; uses of pH of CSF as indicator of blood [CO2]; CO2+H20 in reversible rxn produces H2O (carbonic acid), H2CO3 in reversible rxn produces HCO3- (bicarbonate ion); the more CO2 the lower blood pH

46
Q

when met rate increases

A

higher [CO2]; dec pH; chemo receptors in medulla + major BVs detect pH change; medulal sends signals to inc depth and inc rate of ventilation: breathe more + deeper to inc pH back to normal, exhaling CO2 out

47
Q

gas exchange

A

need coordination btwn circulation + gas exchange; PPO2 + PPCO@ vary as gases move btwn air, blood, and tissues

48
Q

gas exch during inhalation

A

fresh air + air already in lungs both mix in alevoli; inc PPO2 and dec PPCO2 of air vs blood @ alveolar caps; net diffusion: O2 into blood, CO2 into alveoli; blood leaves lungs via pumonar veins; systemic circ

49
Q

systemic circulation

A

O2 out of blood to tissues; CO2 into blood from tissue; blood returns to heart and gest reoxy in lungs

50
Q

respiratory pigments

A

circulate w blood or hemolymph; combined w/i specialized cells; inc ability of fluid to transport O2; metal bound to protein; ex: hemoglobin (Hb) in most vert w RBCs, 4 PPCs each chain w heme group (Fe) iron atom, each iron atom bind to 1 O2 molecule

51
Q

cooperative O2 binding

A

Hb binds O2 reversibly cools O2 @ lungs and unloads tissue; enhanced by cooperativity; when O2 molecule binds to first Hb subunits other 3 subunits change shape to inc affinity for O2 and more likely to load O2; PP of O2 determines if Hb loads/unloads (inc loads into lungs dec unloads into tissues); cooperative unloading; Bohr shift

52
Q

cooperative unloading

A

once find subunit unloads, others morelikely unload

53
Q

Bohr shift

A

part of cooperative O2 binding; dec pH = dec O2 affinity; when [CO2] inc; ex: exercising

54
Q

CO2 blood transport

A

~77% dissolved in plasma; diffuses from plasma to RBCs; CO2+H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 H+HCO3-: most H+ bind to Hb in RBCs, most HCO3 transported in blood to lungs, CO2 diffuses out of blood @ lungs inc CO2 causes more HCO3 -> CO2; lots of exhaled CO2

55
Q

3 functions of excretory systems

A

osmoregulation, collect fluid from blood or ISF; excretion

56
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulation of H2O content and concentration + dist ribution of ions; osmoconformers vs. osmoregulators

57
Q

osmoconformers

A

body fluid in osmotic equilbrium w surrounding env (sea water); all marine animals; “isomotic” body vs. env

58
Q

osmoregulators

A

control internal osmolarity indep of ext env; variable env: freshwater or terrestrial

59
Q

excretion

A

not elimination (thats DS); removal of metabolic wastes from body; must remove to maintain homeostastis; MW = @ some point was in cells of part of metabolism; ex: CO2 removed vis RS, nitrogenous waste removed via ES

60
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

proteins + nucleic acids; broken down for E or converted into fats or carbs via deamination which removed amino group from moelcule (NH2) coverted to amonia (NH3); highly toxic can’t store must use excretion

61
Q

amonia

A

NH3; acquatic animals: excreted directl bc very soluble, diffuses out of gills or body surfaces very rapidly; terrestrial animals: lack unlimited H2O supply to easily dissolve/remove so must covert o urea or uric acid

62
Q

urea

A

produced by mammals, amphibians, fish; primary nitrogenous waste of human; produced by urea cycle; advantage: dec toxicity, soluble in H2O so can be excreted

63
Q

uric acid

A

produced by birds, reptiles, insects; 15 step process lots of E; non toxic; insoluble in H2O uric acid secreted w/o musch H2O loss; excreted as semi solid paste w feces (bird poop)

64
Q

excretion

A

many animals produce urine to dispose of N wastes and maintain fluid balance/composition

65
Q

4 steps of excretion

A

(1) filtration (2) reabsorption (3) secretion (4) excretion

66
Q

filtration

A

body fluid contracts selectively permeable mem of transport epithelium; moves specific solute particles in specific directions; cells, proteins, large molecules stay in body; water + small solute cross TE forms filtrate; problem: filtration not very selective, some valuable materials end up here

67
Q

transport eptihelium

A

specialized tissue w 1+ layers of cells

68
Q

reabsorption

A

return of useful substance from filtrate back into blood

69
Q

secretion

A

extracts toxins + excess ions from blood into urine via active transport; anything that didn’t cross filtration

70
Q

excretion

A

release of processed filtrate from body as urine

71
Q

human excretory sys

A

kidneys = pair principle excreotry organs

72
Q

kidney phsiology

A

(1) adjust blood composition and maintian internal fluid/chem balance (2) produce urine: water, salts, wastes filtered out of body

73
Q

kidney anatomy

A

two layers: renal cortex (outer) + renal medulla (inner)

74
Q

cortical nephron

A

functional unit of kidneys; extange + filtration: Bowman’s capsule, Glamerulus; reabsorption + secretion: loop of Henle

75
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

closed end of nephron

76
Q

glamerulus

A

capillary network w/i BC

77
Q

loop of Henle

A

produces urine continuously; flows to ureters; urinary bladder; exits via urethra; excretion

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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