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Biology 116 > Reproduction II > Flashcards

Reproduction II Flashcards

1
Q

function of female repro

A

produce ova (eggs); recieve penis and sperm; lactation; houses and nourishes embryo until birth

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2
Q

ovary

A

female gonade; in abdominal cavity; held in place by ligaments; produces gametes and sex hormones

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3
Q

female gametes

A

oocytes via oogenesis

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4
Q

female sex hormones

A

estradiol and progesterone

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5
Q

oviducts (fallopian tubes)

A

extend from uterus to each ovary; funnel shaped portion covers ovary; secondary oocyte from ovary will go to oviduct and move down oviduct into uterus via beating cilia and contractions; site of fert; if no fert secondary oocyte degenerates in oviduct

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6
Q

uterus (womb)

A

myometrium and endometrium

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7
Q

myometrium

A

thick, smooth muscle wall, expands during pregnancy; part of uterus

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8
Q

endometrium

A

part of uterus; connective tissue, glands, blood vessels; cyclically thickens in prep for a possible pregnancy; if fert embryo implants here; if no fert thickened tissue sloughed off (menstruation)

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9
Q

cervix

A

lower portion of uterus; seperates uterus from vagina; common cancer via HPV

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10
Q

vagina

A

muscular tissue; extends outside body; receives penis and sperm

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11
Q

oogenesis embryonic dev

A

primordial germ cells (2n) in dev female embryo; mitosis and dev; oogonium (2n) formed during embryonic dev, no new formation after birth; mitosis and dev; primary oocyte (2n) at birth

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12
Q

oogenesis after birth

A

begin meiosis arrested at prophase I; female born w 1-2 mil primary oocytes and about 200k remain at sexual maturity; primary oocytes remain dormant until puberty when hormones act on them and they complete meiosis I and are areested at metaphase II

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13
Q

location of primary oocyte

A

follicle

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14
Q

follicle

A

primary oocyte; follicle cells; zona pellucida

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15
Q

follicle cells

A

in follicle; protective barrier

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16
Q

zona pellucida

A

btwn primary oocyte and follicle cell; thick layer of glycoproteins

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17
Q

follicles each month

A

6-12 matures; primary oocyte grows FC divide; after 1 wk 1 follicle larger than others and cont to grow/dev

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18
Q

primary oocyte

A

complete meiosis I 8-10 hrs before release from ovary; unequal cytokinesis

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19
Q

unequal cytokinesis

A

in primary oocyte; polar body (n) is smaller and secondary oocyte is larger

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20
Q

polar body

A

n; unequal cytokinesis of primary oocyte; disintegrates

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21
Q

ovulation

A

secondary oocyte matures and moves to ovary surface; FC secrete fluid, estrogen, proteolytic enz and breakdwn small area of ovary wall; secondary oocyte ejected and enters oviduct

22
Q

corpus luteum

A

“yellow body”; portion of follicle left in ovary after ovulation; temporary endrocrine gland that secretes estrogen and lots of progesterone

23
Q

secondary oocyte if no sperm fert

A

disintegrates; corpus luteum dies (“luteolysis”); start of new cycle; menstruation occurs

24
Q

secondary oocyte if sperm fert

A

meiosis II completed; mature egg and sperm head fuse genome; oogenesis complete

25
menstural cycle
thickening of endometrium before ovulation; intermittent and cyclic fertility; no synchronized w sexual receptiveness; repeated every 28 days unless fert occurs then preg prep begins
26
estrous cycle
fertil and "in heat"; sexually receptive at only certain time of a yr
27
menstrual cycle steps
hypothalamus releases GnRH; AP releases FSH and LH to ovaries; ovaries release estrogen and progesterone
28
estrogen
principle sex hormone in female; estradiol
29
estradiol
estrogen class hormone; secreted by follicle cell and corpus luteum; responsible for primary and secondary sex chara; stimulates endmetrium prerp
30
primary sex characterisitcs
dev and growth of sex organs
31
secondary sex characteristics
beast dev; pelvic broadening; fat and muscle distribution
32
progesterone
secreted by corpus luteum; completed endometrium prep; stimulates endo glands to secrete nutr fluid
33
components of menstrual cycle
ovarian cycle and uterine cycle
34
ovarian cycle
follicular phase (days 1-13 before ovulation); ovulation phase (day 14); luteal phase (days 15-28 after ovulation)
35
uterine cycle
mentrual flow phase (1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-13); ovulation (day 14); secretory phase (days 15-28)
36
follicular phase
ovarian cycle; days 1-13; hypothalamus secretes GnRH to AP which secret RSH and LH to ovaries
37
FSH
follicle stimulating hormones stimulates follicle growth
38
LH
aids follicle growth
39
FCs during follicular phase
produce estradiol; slow rise of estradiol; low levels ihibit further FSH and LH secretion from AP
40
ovaries during follicular phase
growing follicle secretes more na dmore estradiol so inc estradiol inc GnRH and inc LH and FSH; very high LH and FSH levels w LH surge on day 13 to trigger ovulation at day 14
41
follicle maturation
follicular phase; enlarges and moves to ovary surfaace; ovulation one day after LH surge; secondary oocyte ejected into oviduct
42
lutheal phase
ovarian cycle; days 15-28; inc LH stimulates follicular tissue to turn into corpus luteum; prgesterone and estradiol exert neg feedback on hypothalamus: less GnRH, less FSH and LH by AP, to prevent another maturation
43
no preg during lutheal phase
LH and FSH levels decrease; CL disintegrates; inc progesterone and estradiol; no neg feedback for hypo; GnRH causes AP to start new cycle
44
proliferative phase
days 6-13 of uterine cycle; coordinated w follicular phase (days 1-13) of ovarian cycle; ovarian hormones stimulate uterus to prepare foe embryo; estradiol from FC causes endometrium to thicken
45
ovulation
day of 14 of both uterine and ovarian cycles
46
secretory phase
days 15-28 of uterine cycle; coordinated w luteal phase (days 15-28) of ovarian cycle; CL produces lots of prog and estra to further dev of endometrium: enlarged arteries, gland growth to secrete nutr fluid to support early embryo before uterine implantation
47
if no preg during secretory phase
CL disintegrates; dec prog and estro; arteries constrict, deprived of blood, no circulation; lining disintegrates
48
menstrual phase
days 1-5 of uterine cycle; endometrial tissue, fluid, blood sheed; new follicles will begin growth; day 1 of menstrual flow = day 1 of new uterine and ovarian cycles
49
average women
500 cycles; about 38 yrs
50
menopause
cessation of ovulation and menstruation btwn ages 46 and 54; bc ovaries lose reponsiveness to FSH and LH so steep decline in estradiol production
51
purpose of menopause
other animals don't go through menopause; evo adv to have children then stop reproducing: provide more E to offspring, more care to current offspring, care to grandchildren

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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