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Biology 116 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes

A

domains bacteria and archea; about 3.5 bya; dominant; .5-5 micrometers; pervasive

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2
Q

chemical evolution hypothesis

A

heterotroph to photosynthetic autotroph to aerobes

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3
Q

cell wall

A

protection; prevents cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment; does not prevent plasmolysis in hypertonic environment; maintains shape of cell

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4
Q

cocci

A

balls/sphere; diplococcus (“2”); streptococcus (“chain”); staphylococcus (“clump”)

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5
Q

spirals

A

spirilium - “rigid”; spirochete - “flexible

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6
Q

bacilli

A

rods

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7
Q

peptidoglycan

A

only found in bacterial cell wall; polymer structure (sugars cross linked by short polypeptides); NOT in eu cell walls

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8
Q

plant cell wall

A

cellulose

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9
Q

fungi cell wall

A

chitin

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10
Q

gram staining

A

divides bacteria into two categories; 1st stain is “crystal violet” (purple); 2nd stain is “safernin” (pink);

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11
Q

gram positive

A

retains crystal violet (purple colored cell); cell wall w/ thick layer of peptidoglycan

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12
Q

penicillin

A

interfers w/ peptidoglycan synthesis and destroying gram positive bacteria

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13
Q

gram negative

A

cell wall w/ thin layer of peptidoglycan; doesn’t retain crystal violet; pink colored cells; outer membrane evolved to have LPS - toxic, induces fever

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14
Q

capsules and slime layers

A

surround cell wall, composed of polysaccharides and proteins; protect against phagocytosis

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15
Q

fimbrae and philli

A

hair - live appendages; fimbrae - shorter and more numerous; both used for attachment

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16
Q

endospores

A

dormant stage; w/stand harsh conditions; ex: anthrax

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17
Q

taxis

A

directed movement in response to stimuli

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18
Q

positive taxis

A

towards stimulus (ex: chemotaxis)

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19
Q

negative taxis

A

away from stimulus (ex: chemotaxis)

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20
Q

flagella

A

common motility found in bacteria, archaea, eu

21
Q

flagella: pro vs. eu

A

in pro 1/10 as wide and not covered by PM; diff propulsions; diff molecular compositions

22
Q

flagella: bac vs. archea vs. eu

A

similar functions; arose independently (analogous structure)

23
Q

flagella: bac vs. archae

A

similar size; similar propulsion mechanism; diff compositions

24
Q

prokaryotic flagellum

A

H pos gradient as H pos is pumped across PM; H pos diffuses through motors, produces force, turns hook, turns filament, taxis

25
Q

3 parts of flagella

A

motor - rings embedded in cell wall and PM; rotating filament - propels cells; curved hook

26
Q

prokaryotes lack

A

membrane bound organelles; such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

27
Q

nucleoid region

A

in cytoplasm; location of chromo is in DNA (single chromosome)

28
Q

plasmids

A

smaller sings of DNA, replicate independently; few nonessential genes

29
Q

plasma membrane

A

extensively folded (greater surface area: greater volume); embedded enzymes for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

30
Q

cytoplasm

A

ribosomes; storage granules; enzymes

31
Q

basic reproduction

A

binary fission; optimal conditions - divides every 1-3 hours

32
Q

rapid reproduction and mutations

A

error occur which cause genetic diversity via mutations; probability of mutation is 1 in 10 million per cell division

33
Q

rapid evolution

A

mutations are rare per gene but genetic variability increases quickly in large pops w/ short gen times

34
Q

genetic recombination

A

combining DNA from 2 different sources; meiosis and fertilization in eu; transformation, transduction, and conjugation in pro

35
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genes from one ind of one sp to ind of another sp; in prokaryotes

36
Q

transformation

A

pro cels take up DNA from surroundings; Griffith Exp

37
Q

transduction

A

phages transfer pro genes from HC to another; during phage rep frag of host DNA accidentally packages into new viral particles

38
Q

conjugation

A

gen material transfered btwn pro cells; donor cell attaches to recipient via pillus, pulls it closer, transfers DNA (one way)

39
Q

F-factor (fertility)

A

pice of DNA needed to make pillus; on bac chromo or on plasmid

40
Q

F positive

A

cells w/ f-plasmid are DNA donors

41
Q

F negative

A

cells w/out F-factor are DNA recipients

42
Q

phototrophs

A

light E

43
Q

chemotrophs

A

chemical E

44
Q

autotrophs

A

get carbon from CO2

45
Q

heterotrophs

A

organic nutrients (glucose)

46
Q

obligate aerobes

A

requires oxygen

47
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can adapt to conditions

48
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

nitrate ions and sulfate ions act as electron acceptors instead of O2

49
Q

nitrogen metabolism

A

N cycle; N-fixation: bacteria turns N2 into NH3; nitrification: bacteria turns Nit3 into NO3-

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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