Prokaryotes

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

domains bacteria and archea; about 3.5 bya; dominant; .5-5 micrometers; pervasive

Question 2

chemical evolution hypothesis

Answer 2

heterotroph to photosynthetic autotroph to aerobes

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

protection; prevents cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment; does not prevent plasmolysis in hypertonic environment; maintains shape of cell

Question 4

cocci

Answer 4

balls/sphere; diplococcus (“2”); streptococcus (“chain”); staphylococcus (“clump”)

Question 5

spirals

Answer 5

spirilium - “rigid”; spirochete - “flexible

Question 6

bacilli

Answer 6

rods

Question 7

peptidoglycan

Answer 7

only found in bacterial cell wall; polymer structure (sugars cross linked by short polypeptides); NOT in eu cell walls

Question 8

plant cell wall

Answer 8

cellulose

Question 9

fungi cell wall

Answer 9

chitin

Question 10

gram staining

Answer 10

divides bacteria into two categories; 1st stain is “crystal violet” (purple); 2nd stain is “safernin” (pink);

Question 11

gram positive

Answer 11

retains crystal violet (purple colored cell); cell wall w/ thick layer of peptidoglycan

Question 12

penicillin

Answer 12

interfers w/ peptidoglycan synthesis and destroying gram positive bacteria

Question 13

gram negative

Answer 13

cell wall w/ thin layer of peptidoglycan; doesn’t retain crystal violet; pink colored cells; outer membrane evolved to have LPS - toxic, induces fever

Question 14

capsules and slime layers

Answer 14

surround cell wall, composed of polysaccharides and proteins; protect against phagocytosis

Question 15

fimbrae and philli

Answer 15

hair - live appendages; fimbrae - shorter and more numerous; both used for attachment

Question 16

endospores

Answer 16

dormant stage; w/stand harsh conditions; ex: anthrax

Question 17

taxis

Answer 17

directed movement in response to stimuli

Question 18

positive taxis

Answer 18

towards stimulus (ex: chemotaxis)

Question 19

negative taxis

Answer 19

away from stimulus (ex: chemotaxis)

Question 20

flagella

Answer 20

common motility found in bacteria, archaea, eu

Question 21

flagella: pro vs. eu

Answer 21

in pro 1/10 as wide and not covered by PM; diff propulsions; diff molecular compositions

Question 22

flagella: bac vs. archea vs. eu

Answer 22

similar functions; arose independently (analogous structure)

Question 23

flagella: bac vs. archae

Answer 23

similar size; similar propulsion mechanism; diff compositions

Question 24

prokaryotic flagellum

Answer 24

H pos gradient as H pos is pumped across PM; H pos diffuses through motors, produces force, turns hook, turns filament, taxis

Question 25

3 parts of flagella

Answer 25

motor - rings embedded in cell wall and PM; rotating filament - propels cells; curved hook

Question 26

prokaryotes lack

Answer 26

membrane bound organelles; such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 27

nucleoid region

Answer 27

in cytoplasm; location of chromo is in DNA (single chromosome)

Question 28

plasmids

Answer 28

smaller sings of DNA, replicate independently; few nonessential genes

Question 29

plasma membrane

Answer 29

extensively folded (greater surface area: greater volume); embedded enzymes for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Question 30

cytoplasm

Answer 30

ribosomes; storage granules; enzymes

Question 31

basic reproduction

Answer 31

binary fission; optimal conditions - divides every 1-3 hours

Question 32

rapid reproduction and mutations

Answer 32

error occur which cause genetic diversity via mutations; probability of mutation is 1 in 10 million per cell division

Question 33

rapid evolution

Answer 33

mutations are rare per gene but genetic variability increases quickly in large pops w/ short gen times

Question 34

genetic recombination

Answer 34

combining DNA from 2 different sources; meiosis and fertilization in eu; transformation, transduction, and conjugation in pro

Question 35

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 35

movement of genes from one ind of one sp to ind of another sp; in prokaryotes

Question 36

transformation

Answer 36

pro cels take up DNA from surroundings; Griffith Exp

Question 37

transduction

Answer 37

phages transfer pro genes from HC to another; during phage rep frag of host DNA accidentally packages into new viral particles

Question 38

conjugation

Answer 38

gen material transfered btwn pro cells; donor cell attaches to recipient via pillus, pulls it closer, transfers DNA (one way)

Question 39

F-factor (fertility)

Answer 39

pice of DNA needed to make pillus; on bac chromo or on plasmid

Question 40

F positive

Answer 40

cells w/ f-plasmid are DNA donors

Question 41

F negative

Answer 41

cells w/out F-factor are DNA recipients

Question 42

phototrophs

Answer 42

light E

Question 43

chemotrophs

Answer 43

chemical E

Question 44

autotrophs

Answer 44

get carbon from CO2

Question 45

heterotrophs

Answer 45

organic nutrients (glucose)

Question 46

obligate aerobes

Answer 46

requires oxygen

Question 47

facultative anaerobes

Answer 47

can adapt to conditions

Question 48

obligate anaerobes

Answer 48

nitrate ions and sulfate ions act as electron acceptors instead of O2

Question 49

nitrogen metabolism

Answer 49

N cycle; N-fixation: bacteria turns N2 into NH3; nitrification: bacteria turns Nit3 into NO3-