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Biology 116 > Endocrine System I > Flashcards

Endocrine System I Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

form and structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

function

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3
Q

structural and functional organizaiton

A

cell; tissues; organs; organ system; all together = organism = emergent property

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4
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells w similar form/function

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5
Q

organs

A

put together tissues; functions as a unit

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6
Q

organ system

A

groups of organs together

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7
Q

animals are not closed systems

A

not isolated from env; need to exchange w env (gases, nutr, wastes); for entry/exit of sustance it must dissove in aqueous env so it can move through PM (“things” can’t be dry)

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8
Q

single cell orgs vs. multicellular animals

A

single celled orgs have sufficient SA:vol; animals: exchange via PM of each cell, every cell must be in aqueous env

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9
Q

animal internal organization

A

compact masses of cells and compex internal organization to increase SA:vol in multi cell; low SA: vol, less contact w env and less exchange is bad; animals have specialized structures that are branched and folded to increase internal SA:vol and protect from outside trauma; have internal body fluids to link exchange surfaces w body cells (ISF, circ fluid = blood)

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10
Q

conformers

A

allow internal env to vary w certain ext changes

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11
Q

regulators

A

uses internal mech to control internal changes regardless of ext changes; always in control

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12
Q

feedback control

A

neg feedback and pos feedback

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13
Q

neg. feedback

A

response = reduces stimulus and restores steady state (back to set point)

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14
Q

pos. feedback

A

response = amplifies stimulus

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15
Q

maintaing homeostasis

A

internal condition is balanced via temp changes, blood glucose changes, and solute level changes (“normal range” = set point)

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16
Q

homeostatic mechanism

A

need stimulus = fluctuation of various sensor dectects stimulus; animal responds; sys goes back to set point

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17
Q

hormones

A

“to excite”; chem signaling moleculues resonsible for regulation, messengers of endocrine sys

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18
Q

hormone route of delivery

A

secreted into body fluid (ex: blood); reach target cell; bind to TC; how?: TC = specific receptors for that specific hormone (only these cells)

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19
Q

receptor structure

A

proteins and glycoproteins on TC surface

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20
Q

receptors

A

recognize and bind to specific horomones; very specific interactions; continuously syn and degraded

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21
Q

receptors syn when

A

hormones level are low & low for a long time; make more receptors and degrade less receptors

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22
Q

receptors degraded when

A

levels are high and high for a long time; make less receptors and degrade more receptors

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23
Q

endocrine signaling

A

endocrine cells secrete hormones into ECE; hormones enter into bloodsteam; reach and bind to TC; functions: homeostasis, stimuli resp., growth & dev

24
Q

paracrine & autocrine signaling

A

produce and secrete local regulated; reach and bind to TC via diffusion (no bloodstream bc local); act over short distances; act very quickly

25
Q

paracrine signaling

A

TC is near secreting cell

26
Q

autocrine signaling

A

secreting cell is TC = secrete local regulator that acts on same cell; ex: Postaglandins

27
Q

postagladins signaling

A

autocrine; 16 types; in most mammals; regulates: blood clotting, inflammation, smooth musce, BP

28
Q

synaptic singaling

A

neurons form specialized junction w TC and neurotransmitters are diffused across synapse and bind to TC receptor

29
Q

neurons

A

basic unit of synaptic signaling

30
Q

neurotransmitters

A

produced and released by neurons

31
Q

synaptic singaling functions

A

memory, movement, sensation

32
Q

neuroendcrine signaling

A

neurosecretory cells (specialized neuros) secrete neurohormones that diffuse from neuron to bloodstream

33
Q

phermone singaling

A

phermone = chem released into EXT env; target = antoher ind of sp; functions: territory, warning, mating

34
Q

classes of local regulators

A

modified fatty acids, gases, polypeptides

35
Q

modified FAs

A

local reg. w hydrocarbons; ex: prostaglandins

36
Q

gases

A

local reg. ex: nitric oxide increases blood flow to tissue

37
Q

nitric oxide pathway

A

(1) blood O2 levels decrease (2) endothelial cells lining blood vessels release NO (signaling mols) (3) NO idffuses into surrounding smooth muscle (TC) (4) smooth muscle enz activated (5) smooth muscle relaxes (6) muscle relaxation, vasodiation, dilated bv, more blood blow to tissue, more O2

38
Q

polypeptides

A

cytokines; growth factors; local reg.

39
Q

classes of hormones

A

polypeptides; steroid; amines; vary in solubility

40
Q

hormones suited to aqueous env

A

polypeptides and amines

41
Q

hormones suited to lipid rich env

A

steroids and nonpolar hormones

42
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

100s of AAs; ex: insulin = 2 pep chains joined via disulfide bonds

43
Q

steroids

A

hormones; lipids; 4 fused carbon rings; all derived from chloesterol

44
Q

amines

A

syn from single AA

45
Q

water soluble hormones

A

signal tranduction; series of changes in cellular proteins; goal: turn extracellular chem signal w specific intracellular response; insoluble in lipids so can’t go across PM

46
Q

signal transduction

A

(1) hormones secreted via exocytosis and freely travel in blood bc wast sol (2) hormone doesn’t enter cell but bind to specific mem receptor and then w “G-protein coupled receptor” (3) hormones receptor complex formed and binds to G-protein in mem: inactive if bound to GPA, active if receptor + G-proteins, then binds to GTP and G-protein changes conformation (shape) (4) shape changes, bindto adenylyl cyclase (mem bound enz) (5) AC now activated, converts ATP to CAMP (6) CAMP = 2nd messenger, activates protein kinase (PK) (7) PK phosphorlates (adds P), phosphorlation = activation, response!

47
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

produced & diffused out through PM of endocrine cell (no expections bc lipid sol); bind to a transport protein (now sol in aqueous blood env); get to TC, diffuse into cell (sol in mem); either bind to receptors in cytoplasm and hormones receptor complex to nucleus OR go straight to nucleus to form hormone receptor; binds to specific sites in DNA; conformational shape change in DNA; inc mRNA txn inc protein syn response OR dec mRNA txn dec protein syn response (repression)

48
Q

TC differ in

A

receptor types or molecule that produce the response; water & lipid soluble hormones

49
Q

wide effect of epinepherine on certain cells

A

glycogen breakdown in liver; inc bloodflow to skeletal muscles; dec bloodflow to digestive sys; rapid systemic response

50
Q

epinepherine in liver cells

A

epi binds beta-type receptors on PM; glycogen metabolism enz activated; glucose released

51
Q

protein kinase

A

PK; activated by CAMP

52
Q

epinepherine in smooth muscle cells

A

epi binds to beta-type receptors on PM; activates PKA & inactivates an enz; smooth muscle relaxation; vasaldiation; inc bloodflow

53
Q

epinepherine in intestinal smooth muscle cells

A

epi binds alpha type receptors; diff G protein/enzs; smooth muscle contraction; vasocontriction; dec bloowflow

54
Q

endocrine gland

A

ductless glands and tissues; function in NS: regulates metabolism and homeostatic maintenance

55
Q

exocrine glands

A

substances secreted via ducts; onto body surface; into a body cavity

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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