Protists

Question 1

endosymbiosis

Answer 1

relationship btwn 2 spp in which one org lives inside other; mutual benefit

Question 2

serial endosymbiosis

Answer 2

key eu organelles evolved through sequences of endosym events

Question 3

mitochondria in serial endosymbiosis

Answer 3

aerobic bac engulfed by anaerobic bac; engulfed bac = alpha protobacterium = endosymbiont

Question 4

primary endosymbiosis

Answer 4

phagocytosis of bac by another cell

Question 5

plastids

Answer 5

group of closely related organelles; arose after mitochondria; cholorplasts; chromoplasts; amyoplasts

Question 6

amyoplasts

Answer 6

stores starch in photosyn eu cells; host was heterotrophic eu and couldn’t make stuff on its own; engulfed photosyn bac and gave rise to 2 photosyn protists (red algae and green algae)

Question 7

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 7

host cell engulfs primary endosym cell; host cell = heterotrophic eu; red and green algae underwent serial endosym, frequently happened, great protist diversity

Question 8

eu cell structure

Answer 8

nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton

Question 9

cytoskeleton

Answer 9

structural support, aids movement, shape changes and feeding

Question 10

eu evolution

Answer 10

in flux; 4 super groups; no known “root”; simultaneous divergence from one CA; polytomy

Question 11

eu supergroups

Answer 11

excavata, SAR clade, archaeplastida, unikonta

Question 12

protists

Answer 12

“the very first” 1st eu cells; evolved 1.5-1.6 bya; enormous structural and functional diversity; unicellular (mostly), colonial, multicellular; variety of nutritional strategies

Question 13

protists nutritional strategies

Answer 13

photoautotrophs w cholorplasts; heterotrophs that ingest organic molecules; mixtrophs that combine photosyn and heterotrophy

Question 14

excavata

Answer 14

usually characterized by “excavated” feeding grooves on body, many are parasitic, ex: Giadia intestinalis lives in small intestine of humans and causes backpacker’s diarreha

Question 15

subdivisions of excavata

Answer 15

diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

Question 16

diplomonads

Answer 16

have mitosome; reduced mitochondria; lacks functional ETC; can’t use O2 to extract E so gets E from anaerobic pathways; lacks plastids; 2 equal sided nuclei

Question 17

parabasalids

Answer 17

lack plastids; char by hydrogenosomes, reduced mitochonria, lacks funational ETC, rely on anaerobic pathways for E, release H2; ex: Trichomonas, sexually transmitted parasites that cause trichomonasis

Question 18

euglenozoans

Answer 18

very diverse clade, main morphological feature is spiral/cyrstalline rod inside each flagellum, two subgroups are kinetoplastids and euglenids

Question 19

kinetoplastids

Answer 19

char by large mitochondria, inside mito is “kinetoplasts” which is an organized mass of DNA; some free living, some parasitic; ex: Trypanosoma brucci which causes African sleeping sickness

Question 20

euglenids

Answer 20

char by one or two flagella from pocket at one end of cell; some are mixotrophic

Question 21

SAR clade

Answer 21

strametopiles, alvalates, rhizoians

Question 22

stramenopiles

Answer 22

char. by hairy flagellum and shorter, smoother flagellum; three types: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

Question 23

diatoms

Answer 23

photosyn, unicellular algae; char by cell wall with glass like appearance: silicone dioxide in organic matrix, 2 overlapping parts that resembles petri dish and prevents crushing

Question 24

diatomaceous earth

Answer 24

material harvested from ocean floor; accumulation of fossilized diotom cell walls, mied and used as filters

Question 25

golden algae

Answer 25

mostly unicellular, covered w/ tiny scales (silica and CaCO3); found in freshwater and marine habitat, related to nanoplanketon; photosynthetic, color=golden, lots of yellow and brown caroteroid accessory pigment

Question 26

brown algae

Answer 26

comst complex multicellular protists, photosyn w/ chlorophyll and corotenoids, "seaweed" largest algae, ex: kelp; lives in marine habitat of cold northern water and creates underwater forest habitats for other orgs

Question 27

parts of kelp

Answer 27

blade - leaf; holdfest - roots; stipe - stem (analogous to plants)

Question 28

commercial importance of brown algae

Answer 28

some edible; algin found in cell wall (polysac) absorbs water and is used as thickener, used to make hand lotion thick and creamy

Question 29

alveolates

Answer 29

char by alveoli = flattened vessicles inside PM for support; 3 types: dinoflagellates, apicocomplacans, ciliates

Question 30

dinoflagellates

Answer 30

mostly unicellular w/cellulose for support (PM); char by 2 flagella for movement; ex: blooms are pop explosions of dinoflagellate ("red tide")

Question 31

"red tide"

Answer 31

due to cartoenoids and costal pollution; releases neurotoxins that kill fish and the birds that eat the fish

Question 32

apicocomplacans

Answer 32

parasites of animals; char. by apical complex that penetrates host cells; complex life cycles; ex: plasmodium that causes malaria and causes 1-3 million deaths per year

Question 33

ciliates

Answer 33

char. by cilia, used to move and feed; asexual repro via binary fission; capable of conjugation

Question 34

conjugation

Answer 34

sexual extange of haploid macronuclei, don't repro only extange of genes

Question 35

rhizaraians

Answer 35

3 types: radiolanians, forominifera (forams), cercozoans

Question 36

radiolanians

Answer 36

char. by silica internal skeleton, move via pseudopodia

Question 37

forominfera (forams)

Answer 37

tests - porous sheets w/ holes, CaCO3 composition; when they die they form thick marine sediments

Question 38

archaeplastida

Answer 38

monophyletic, red algae, green algae, land plants that are not protists

Question 39

red algae

Answer 39

photo syn, phycoerthin pigment and other pigments, black; mostly multicelluar, 6000 sp; can live in very deep water; found in warm tropical ocean, attached to rocks; porphyta - sushi wraps (nori)

Question 40

green algae

Answer 40

closely related to land plants, similar chloroplasts; 2 types: chlorophytes, charophytes

Question 41

chlorophytes

Answer 41

mostly fresh water, ex: chlamydomanas - typical green algae

Question 42

charophytes

Answer 42

mostly closely related algae to land plants

Question 43

unikonta

Answer 43

plants animals, some protists, amoebazoans, opistokonts

Question 44

amoebazoans

Answer 44

slime mold, not fungi; entamoebas - mostly free living orgs, some parasitic (ex: histolytica found in the human intestine that causes ameobic dysentry)

Question 45

opistokonts

Answer 45

animals, fungi, some protists; nucleariids, chromoflageilates. polytomy

Question 46

nucleariids

Answer 46

more closely related to fungi than other protists

Question 47

chromoflageilates

Answer 47

more closely related to animals than other protists