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Biology 116 > Protists > Flashcards

Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

endosymbiosis

A

relationship btwn 2 spp in which one org lives inside other; mutual benefit

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2
Q

serial endosymbiosis

A

key eu organelles evolved through sequences of endosym events

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3
Q

mitochondria in serial endosymbiosis

A

aerobic bac engulfed by anaerobic bac; engulfed bac = alpha protobacterium = endosymbiont

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4
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

phagocytosis of bac by another cell

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5
Q

plastids

A

group of closely related organelles; arose after mitochondria; cholorplasts; chromoplasts; amyoplasts

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6
Q

amyoplasts

A

stores starch in photosyn eu cells; host was heterotrophic eu and couldn’t make stuff on its own; engulfed photosyn bac and gave rise to 2 photosyn protists (red algae and green algae)

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7
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

host cell engulfs primary endosym cell; host cell = heterotrophic eu; red and green algae underwent serial endosym, frequently happened, great protist diversity

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8
Q

eu cell structure

A

nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support, aids movement, shape changes and feeding

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10
Q

eu evolution

A

in flux; 4 super groups; no known “root”; simultaneous divergence from one CA; polytomy

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11
Q

eu supergroups

A

excavata, SAR clade, archaeplastida, unikonta

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12
Q

protists

A

“the very first” 1st eu cells; evolved 1.5-1.6 bya; enormous structural and functional diversity; unicellular (mostly), colonial, multicellular; variety of nutritional strategies

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13
Q

protists nutritional strategies

A

photoautotrophs w cholorplasts; heterotrophs that ingest organic molecules; mixtrophs that combine photosyn and heterotrophy

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14
Q

excavata

A

usually characterized by “excavated” feeding grooves on body, many are parasitic, ex: Giadia intestinalis lives in small intestine of humans and causes backpacker’s diarreha

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15
Q

subdivisions of excavata

A

diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

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16
Q

diplomonads

A

have mitosome; reduced mitochondria; lacks functional ETC; can’t use O2 to extract E so gets E from anaerobic pathways; lacks plastids; 2 equal sided nuclei

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17
Q

parabasalids

A

lack plastids; char by hydrogenosomes, reduced mitochonria, lacks funational ETC, rely on anaerobic pathways for E, release H2; ex: Trichomonas, sexually transmitted parasites that cause trichomonasis

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18
Q

euglenozoans

A

very diverse clade, main morphological feature is spiral/cyrstalline rod inside each flagellum, two subgroups are kinetoplastids and euglenids

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19
Q

kinetoplastids

A

char by large mitochondria, inside mito is “kinetoplasts” which is an organized mass of DNA; some free living, some parasitic; ex: Trypanosoma brucci which causes African sleeping sickness

20
Q

euglenids

A

char by one or two flagella from pocket at one end of cell; some are mixotrophic

21
Q

SAR clade

A

strametopiles, alvalates, rhizoians

22
Q

stramenopiles

A

char. by hairy flagellum and shorter, smoother flagellum; three types: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

23
Q

diatoms

A

photosyn, unicellular algae; char by cell wall with glass like appearance: silicone dioxide in organic matrix, 2 overlapping parts that resembles petri dish and prevents crushing

24
Q

diatomaceous earth

A

material harvested from ocean floor; accumulation of fossilized diotom cell walls, mied and used as filters

25
Q

golden algae

A

mostly unicellular, covered w/ tiny scales (silica and CaCO3); found in freshwater and marine habitat, related to nanoplanketon; photosynthetic, color=golden, lots of yellow and brown caroteroid accessory pigment

26
Q

brown algae

A

comst complex multicellular protists, photosyn w/ chlorophyll and corotenoids, “seaweed” largest algae, ex: kelp; lives in marine habitat of cold northern water and creates underwater forest habitats for other orgs

27
Q

parts of kelp

A

blade - leaf; holdfest - roots; stipe - stem (analogous to plants)

28
Q

commercial importance of brown algae

A

some edible; algin found in cell wall (polysac) absorbs water and is used as thickener, used to make hand lotion thick and creamy

29
Q

alveolates

A

char by alveoli = flattened vessicles inside PM for support; 3 types: dinoflagellates, apicocomplacans, ciliates

30
Q

dinoflagellates

A

mostly unicellular w/cellulose for support (PM); char by 2 flagella for movement; ex: blooms are pop explosions of dinoflagellate (“red tide”)

31
Q

“red tide”

A

due to cartoenoids and costal pollution; releases neurotoxins that kill fish and the birds that eat the fish

32
Q

apicocomplacans

A

parasites of animals; char. by apical complex that penetrates host cells; complex life cycles; ex: plasmodium that causes malaria and causes 1-3 million deaths per year

33
Q

ciliates

A

char. by cilia, used to move and feed; asexual repro via binary fission; capable of conjugation

34
Q

conjugation

A

sexual extange of haploid macronuclei, don’t repro only extange of genes

35
Q

rhizaraians

A

3 types: radiolanians, forominifera (forams), cercozoans

36
Q

radiolanians

A

char. by silica internal skeleton, move via pseudopodia

37
Q

forominfera (forams)

A

tests - porous sheets w/ holes, CaCO3 composition; when they die they form thick marine sediments

38
Q

archaeplastida

A

monophyletic, red algae, green algae, land plants that are not protists

39
Q

red algae

A

photo syn, phycoerthin pigment and other pigments, black; mostly multicelluar, 6000 sp; can live in very deep water; found in warm tropical ocean, attached to rocks; porphyta - sushi wraps (nori)

40
Q

green algae

A

closely related to land plants, similar chloroplasts; 2 types: chlorophytes, charophytes

41
Q

chlorophytes

A

mostly fresh water, ex: chlamydomanas - typical green algae

42
Q

charophytes

A

mostly closely related algae to land plants

43
Q

unikonta

A

plants animals, some protists, amoebazoans, opistokonts

44
Q

amoebazoans

A

slime mold, not fungi; entamoebas - mostly free living orgs, some parasitic (ex: histolytica found in the human intestine that causes ameobic dysentry)

45
Q

opistokonts

A

animals, fungi, some protists; nucleariids, chromoflageilates. polytomy

46
Q

nucleariids

A

more closely related to fungi than other protists

47
Q

chromoflageilates

A

more closely related to animals than other protists

Biology 116 (27 decks)

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