UCSP EXAM 2 Flashcards
collections of people who are in the same place at the same time
Social Aggregates
people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.
Social Categories
involve shared interests, regular interactions over time, mutual influence, and a sense of belonging.
Groups
are individuals who interact regularly based on shared expectations and identity, and can be defined based on specific standards.
Social Groups
Small; characterized by long-
lasting intimate relationship
which binds the members
together more than the goal
Primary Groups
Can be large or small; common
interests bind the members
together more than their
relationship
Secondary Groups
erve as standards for comparing and guiding behaviors and attitudes and helping identify social norms. They can be classified as in-groups or out-groups, fueled by a person’s desire for character connection.
Reference Group
is a social linkage formed by an
individual for personal,
economic, religious, or
political reasons, rather
than being a physical
group or populated by
actual people.
Network
a process by which the
members of a group
ignore ways of thinking
and plans of action that
go against the group —>
Consensus - is said to be
taking place.
Groupthink
Happens in schools with teachers and classrooms.
Follows a set plan or curriculum.
Includes lessons, tests, and grades.
Formal Education
In today’s world, being “illiterate” means not being able to learn, unlearn, and relearn.
Alvin Toffler’s Idea
Happens outside schools (e.g., night classes for adults, or programs for kids who dropped out).
Flexible, open to all ages, and focuses on practical learning.
Nonformal Education
Schools act as training grounds for real life.
They teach the rules and skills kids need to succeed as adults.
Important idea from Émile Durkheim
Teaches children how to behave in society, like sharing, waiting, and following rules.
Socialization
Subjects like history, science, and literature teach values and knowledge.
Passing on Culture
Builds friendships and connections.
Encourages teamwork and cooperation.
Hidden Benefits (Latent Functions):
sees education as a system that keeps society running smoothly.
Functionalist Perspective
These are the obvious and planned purposes of education. Think of them as the “main job” of schools.
Manifest Function
These are the hidden benefits that students get from being in school, even though they aren’t part of the main curriculum.
Latent Functions
Students learn to work in groups, whether as a leader or a member.
This skill is essential for collaboration in workplaces later in life.
Teamwork and Leadership
Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, _________ is achieving your fullest potential.
Maslow described it as:
“What a man can be, he must be.”
It’s the drive to become the best version of yourself and achieve personal fulfillment.
Self-actualization
A __________ contributes to the betterment of society.
Examples:
Having a job → Allows individuals to pay taxes, supporting the economy and government.
Building a family → Strengthens the basic social unit, creating a stable community.
Productive Citizenry
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZED PEOPLE
Acceptance and Realism
Problem-Centering
Spontaneity
Autonomy and Solitude
Freshness of Appreciation
They accept themselves, others, and reality for what it is.
Acceptance and Realism
They focus on solving problems outside themselves, helping others, and contributing to the world.
Problem-Centering
They are open-minded, flexible, and unconventional in their thoughts and actions
Spontaneity
They value independence and privacy, enjoying personal growth alongside social interactions.
Autonomy and Solitude
They find joy and wonder in everyday experiences, never taking life for granted.
Freshness of Appreciation
Groups you belong to and feel loyalty toward. Example: Your friend circle.
In-groups
Groups you don’t belong to and may feel different from. (you may feel dislike or opposition) Example: A rival school team.
Out-groups
happens when these differences create a system where some people have more advantages than others.
Social Stratification
means some people have more access to money, power, or status than others.
Inequality
Society is divided into two main classes based on control of production
Karl Marx
Social class is determined by a combination of wealth, power, and prestige.
Max Weber
Control businesses and wealth.
Owners (Bourgeoisie)
Sell their labor to survive.
Workers (Proletariat)
Based on wealth or income.
Economic class
Social honor or respect.
Status/Prestige
Ability to influence or control others.
Power
is what you “own” or can use to get ahead in life.
Capital
Money and property.
Example: Owning a house or having a high salary.
Economic Capital
Education, skills, and talents.
Example: A nurse who knows how to save lives.
Cultural Capital
Connections with people who can help you.
Example: A friend who helps you get a job.
Social Capital
is your ability to move up or down the “ladder” of society.
Social Mobility
You climb higher (e.g., a student becomes a successful nurse).
Upward Mobility
You slide lower (e.g., someone loses their job and becomes poor).
Downward Mobility
You can move up if you work hard (e.g., through
Open System
You are stuck in the class you are born into (e.g., caste systems in some countries).
Closed System
Some people have more connections and support.
Social Capital
Some groups have more influence on laws.
Political Capital
Some groups are seen as more “important” or “worthy.”
Symbolic Capital
Groups Often Affected by Inequality
Women
LGBT Community
Ethnic Minorities
PWD
are things like money, power, and prestige that people value.
Social Desirables
are formal entities with a specific purpose or mandate, made up of individuals working together toward a common goal.
Organizations
are broader, abstract systems made up of norms, rules, and practices that govern behavior in society. They provide structure to social relationships and interactions, such as those seen in religion, family, and cultural practices.
Institutions
are governmental bodies responsible for managing and regulating the affairs of a nation.
State Organizations
led by the President and various departments, which implements and enforces laws.
Executive Branch
which includes the Senate and the House of Representatives, responsible for making laws.
Legislative Branch
which interprets laws and ensures they are applied fairly.
The Judiciary
operate outside of direct governmental control and can pursue a range of goals, often focused on specific community needs or interests.
Nonstate Organization
which include corporations and financial institutions. These entities typically focus on generating profit or serving economic
interests, such as providing loans, services, or goods.
Market or economic organizations
which include nonprofits, advocacy groups, academic institutions, and media outlets. These groups aim to influence policy, provide education, and advocate for social, environmental, or political causes.
Civil society organizations
Universities, research institutions, and think tanks provide knowledge and expertise to influence policy, conduct research, and promote education. They often play an advisory role to both governments and the private sector.
Academic and Science-Based Organizations:
Includes print, radio, television, and digital platforms that disseminate information to the public.
Mass Media
These organizations focus on specific causes such as environmental conservation, human rights, healthcare, or education.
Nonprofit and Advocacy Groups
Nonmarket institutions
Reciprocity
Transfer
Redistribution
allows goods to flow
freely between individuals and firms
with limited government involvement
Market System
Ownership of production factors (land,
capital) encourages investment,
innovation, and efficiency.
Private Property
Entrepreneurs, workers, and
consumers pursue their best economic
opportunities within legal limits.
Freedom of Enterprise and Choice
Self-interest and competition lead to
socially optimal outcomes, with
minimal government interference.
Invisible Hand Principle
Markets bring buyers and sellers
together, while prices signal the value
of goods and guide decision-making
Market and Prices
Innovation is rewarded with higher
profits, and specialization enhances
productivity through efficient division of
labor.
Role of Technology
and Specialization
Money simplifies transactions by
replacing barter, making it easier to
standardize values.
Money and Exchange
Government steps in during market
failures (e.g., monopolies) but generally
has a limited role.
Limited Government
Prices are determined by supply and
demand; examples include free markets like
sari-sari stores.
Market and Economy
The state regulates prices to protect
consumers, such as setting price ceilings
for essential commodities like food and
services (e.g., electricity)
Government Role
in Markets
Labor is regulated by the government
through minimum wage laws, protecting
workers from unfairly low wages.
Labor as Commodity
Keynesian economics supports
government actions during crises, such as
lowering interest rates (monetary policy)
and increasing public spending (fiscal
policy) to boost the economy
Government Intervention in Economic Crises
operate independently, but
government intervention is necessary
during market failures.
Free Market
like socialist systems, are government-controlled, focusing on equitable distribution rather than profit.
Command Economy
The government redistributes income
through taxes, balancing equity and
efficiency
Redistribution of income
involves the exchange of goods and services across borders.
International Trade
Taxes on imported goods.
Tariffs
Limits on imported goods.
Quotas
may lead to retaliation,
reducing global output
Trade Barriers
