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Reviewer > UCSP EXAM 2 > Flashcards

UCSP EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

collections of people who are in the same place at the same time

A

Social Aggregates

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2
Q

people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.

A

Social Categories

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3
Q

involve shared interests, regular interactions over time, mutual influence, and a sense of belonging.

A

Groups

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4
Q

are individuals who interact regularly based on shared expectations and identity, and can be defined based on specific standards.

A

Social Groups

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5
Q

Small; characterized by long-
lasting intimate relationship
which binds the members
together more than the goal

A

Primary Groups

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6
Q

Can be large or small; common
interests bind the members
together more than their
relationship

A

Secondary Groups

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7
Q

erve as standards for comparing and guiding behaviors and attitudes and helping identify social norms. They can be classified as in-groups or out-groups, fueled by a person’s desire for character connection.

A

Reference Group

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8
Q

is a social linkage formed by an
individual for personal,
economic, religious, or
political reasons, rather
than being a physical
group or populated by
actual people.

A

Network

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9
Q

a process by which the
members of a group
ignore ways of thinking
and plans of action that
go against the group —>
Consensus - is said to be
taking place.

A

Groupthink

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10
Q

Happens in schools with teachers and classrooms.
Follows a set plan or curriculum.
Includes lessons, tests, and grades.

A

Formal Education

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11
Q

In today’s world, being “illiterate” means not being able to learn, unlearn, and relearn.

A

Alvin Toffler’s Idea

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12
Q

Happens outside schools (e.g., night classes for adults, or programs for kids who dropped out).
Flexible, open to all ages, and focuses on practical learning.

A

Nonformal Education

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13
Q

Schools act as training grounds for real life.
They teach the rules and skills kids need to succeed as adults.

A

Important idea from Émile Durkheim

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14
Q

Teaches children how to behave in society, like sharing, waiting, and following rules.

A

Socialization

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15
Q

Subjects like history, science, and literature teach values and knowledge.

A

Passing on Culture

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16
Q

Builds friendships and connections.
Encourages teamwork and cooperation.

A

Hidden Benefits (Latent Functions):

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17
Q

sees education as a system that keeps society running smoothly.

A

Functionalist Perspective

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18
Q

These are the obvious and planned purposes of education. Think of them as the “main job” of schools.

A

Manifest Function

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19
Q

These are the hidden benefits that students get from being in school, even though they aren’t part of the main curriculum.

A

Latent Functions

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20
Q

Students learn to work in groups, whether as a leader or a member.
This skill is essential for collaboration in workplaces later in life.

A

Teamwork and Leadership

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21
Q

Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, _________ is achieving your fullest potential.
Maslow described it as:
“What a man can be, he must be.”
It’s the drive to become the best version of yourself and achieve personal fulfillment.

A

Self-actualization

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22
Q

A __________ contributes to the betterment of society.
Examples:
Having a job → Allows individuals to pay taxes, supporting the economy and government.
Building a family → Strengthens the basic social unit, creating a stable community.

A

Productive Citizenry

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23
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZED PEOPLE

A

Acceptance and Realism
Problem-Centering
Spontaneity
Autonomy and Solitude
Freshness of Appreciation

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24
Q

They accept themselves, others, and reality for what it is.

A

Acceptance and Realism

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25
Q

They focus on solving problems outside themselves, helping others, and contributing to the world.

A

Problem-Centering

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26
Q

They are open-minded, flexible, and unconventional in their thoughts and actions

A

Spontaneity

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27
Q

They value independence and privacy, enjoying personal growth alongside social interactions.

A

Autonomy and Solitude

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28
Q

They find joy and wonder in everyday experiences, never taking life for granted.

A

Freshness of Appreciation

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29
Q

Groups you belong to and feel loyalty toward. Example: Your friend circle.

A

In-groups

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30
Q

Groups you don’t belong to and may feel different from. (you may feel dislike or opposition) Example: A rival school team.

A

Out-groups

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31
Q

happens when these differences create a system where some people have more advantages than others.

A

Social Stratification

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32
Q

means some people have more access to money, power, or status than others.

A

Inequality

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33
Q

Society is divided into two main classes based on control of production

A

Karl Marx

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34
Q

Social class is determined by a combination of wealth, power, and prestige.

A

Max Weber

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35
Q

Control businesses and wealth.

A

Owners (Bourgeoisie)

36
Q

Sell their labor to survive.

A

Workers (Proletariat)

37
Q

Based on wealth or income.

A

Economic class

38
Q

Social honor or respect.

A

Status/Prestige

39
Q

Ability to influence or control others.

A

Power

40
Q

is what you “own” or can use to get ahead in life.

A

Capital

41
Q

Money and property.
Example: Owning a house or having a high salary.

A

Economic Capital

42
Q

Education, skills, and talents.
Example: A nurse who knows how to save lives.

A

Cultural Capital

43
Q

Connections with people who can help you.
Example: A friend who helps you get a job.

A

Social Capital

44
Q

is your ability to move up or down the “ladder” of society.

A

Social Mobility

45
Q

You climb higher (e.g., a student becomes a successful nurse).

A

Upward Mobility

46
Q

You slide lower (e.g., someone loses their job and becomes poor).

A

Downward Mobility

47
Q

You can move up if you work hard (e.g., through

A

Open System

48
Q

You are stuck in the class you are born into (e.g., caste systems in some countries).

A

Closed System

49
Q

Some people have more connections and support.

A

Social Capital

50
Q

Some groups have more influence on laws.

A

Political Capital

51
Q

Some groups are seen as more “important” or “worthy.”

A

Symbolic Capital

52
Q

Groups Often Affected by Inequality

A

Women
LGBT Community
Ethnic Minorities
PWD

53
Q

are things like money, power, and prestige that people value.

A

Social Desirables

54
Q

are formal entities with a specific purpose or mandate, made up of individuals working together toward a common goal.

A

Organizations

55
Q

are broader, abstract systems made up of norms, rules, and practices that govern behavior in society. They provide structure to social relationships and interactions, such as those seen in religion, family, and cultural practices.

A

Institutions

56
Q

are governmental bodies responsible for managing and regulating the affairs of a nation.

A

State Organizations

57
Q

led by the President and various departments, which implements and enforces laws.

A

Executive Branch

58
Q

which includes the Senate and the House of Representatives, responsible for making laws.

A

Legislative Branch

59
Q

which interprets laws and ensures they are applied fairly.

A

The Judiciary

60
Q

operate outside of direct governmental control and can pursue a range of goals, often focused on specific community needs or interests.

A

Nonstate Organization

61
Q

which include corporations and financial institutions. These entities typically focus on generating profit or serving economic
interests, such as providing loans, services, or goods.

A

Market or economic organizations

62
Q

which include nonprofits, advocacy groups, academic institutions, and media outlets. These groups aim to influence policy, provide education, and advocate for social, environmental, or political causes.

A

Civil society organizations

63
Q

Universities, research institutions, and think tanks provide knowledge and expertise to influence policy, conduct research, and promote education. They often play an advisory role to both governments and the private sector.

A

Academic and Science-Based Organizations:

64
Q

Includes print, radio, television, and digital platforms that disseminate information to the public.

A

Mass Media

65
Q

These organizations focus on specific causes such as environmental conservation, human rights, healthcare, or education.

A

Nonprofit and Advocacy Groups

66
Q

Nonmarket institutions

A

Reciprocity
Transfer
Redistribution

67
Q

allows goods to flow
freely between individuals and firms
with limited government involvement

A

Market System

68
Q

Ownership of production factors (land,
capital) encourages investment,
innovation, and efficiency.

A

Private Property

69
Q

Entrepreneurs, workers, and
consumers pursue their best economic
opportunities within legal limits.

A

Freedom of Enterprise and Choice

70
Q

Self-interest and competition lead to
socially optimal outcomes, with
minimal government interference.

A

Invisible Hand Principle

71
Q

Markets bring buyers and sellers
together, while prices signal the value
of goods and guide decision-making

A

Market and Prices

72
Q

Innovation is rewarded with higher
profits, and specialization enhances
productivity through efficient division of
labor.

A

Role of Technology
and Specialization

73
Q

Money simplifies transactions by
replacing barter, making it easier to
standardize values.

A

Money and Exchange

74
Q

Government steps in during market
failures (e.g., monopolies) but generally
has a limited role.

A

Limited Government

75
Q

Prices are determined by supply and
demand; examples include free markets like
sari-sari stores.

A

Market and Economy

76
Q

The state regulates prices to protect
consumers, such as setting price ceilings
for essential commodities like food and
services (e.g., electricity)

A

Government Role
in Markets

77
Q

Labor is regulated by the government
through minimum wage laws, protecting
workers from unfairly low wages.

A

Labor as Commodity

78
Q

Keynesian economics supports
government actions during crises, such as
lowering interest rates (monetary policy)
and increasing public spending (fiscal
policy) to boost the economy

A

Government Intervention in Economic Crises

79
Q

operate independently, but
government intervention is necessary
during market failures.

A

Free Market

80
Q

like socialist systems, are government-controlled, focusing on equitable distribution rather than profit.

A

Command Economy

81
Q

The government redistributes income
through taxes, balancing equity and
efficiency

A

Redistribution of income

82
Q

involves the exchange of goods and services across borders.

A

International Trade

83
Q

Taxes on imported goods.

A

Tariffs

84
Q

Limits on imported goods.

A

Quotas

85
Q

may lead to retaliation,
reducing global output

A

Trade Barriers

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