BIO EXAM 2

Question 1

organic molecules produced by living organisms

Answer 1

Biomolecules

Question 2

Energy sources and sustained energy released

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

Energy storage and insulation

Answer 3

Lipids

Question 4

Function as enzymes, hormones, and transports, muscles growth

Answer 4

Proteins

Question 5

Storing and transmitting genetic blue print

Answer 5

Nucleic Acid

Question 6

is a common concern for vegans. This essential vitamin is primarily found in animal products, and its deficiency can lead to various health issues, including anemia and nerve damage. Lack of the vitamin as cofactor

Answer 6

Vitamin B12

Question 7

Many __________ function as coenzymes, which are non-protein molecules that bind to enzymes and help them function properly. When a ________ is deficient, the enzyme may not be able to bind to its substrate or catalyze the reaction efficiently.

Answer 7

Vitamin

Question 8

Essential for healthy vision, especially in low-light conditions.

Answer 8

Vitamin A

Question 9

Helps convert carbohydrates into energy.

Answer 9

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Question 10

are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions within living organisms.

Answer 10

Enzymes

Question 11

Enzymes reduce the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. This allows reactions to occur more quickly and efficiently at body temperature.

Answer 11

Lower the Activation Energy

Question 12

By lowering the activation energy, enzymes significantly increase the rate of chemical reactions. This is crucial for maintaining life processes. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction also increases.

Answer 12

Increase Reaction Rate

Question 13

Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which it functions best. This is the temperature at which the enzyme’s structure is most stable and its catalytic activity is highest. Example: Optimal pH for pepsin is 2

Answer 13

Optimal Temperature (pH)

Question 14

• is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a cell.

Answer 14

Metabolic Pathway

Question 15

have a similar structure to the substrate molecule. This allows them to compete with the substrate for binding to the enzyme’s active site. By occupying the active site, competitive inhibitors prevent the substrate from binding, thus reducing the enzyme’s activity

Answer 15

Competitive inhibitors

Question 16

They can help the enzyme recognize and bind to its substrate.

Answer 16

Assisting in substrate binding

Question 17

They can donate or accept functional groups needed for the reaction.

Answer 17

Providing additional chemical groups for catalysis

Question 18

They can help maintain the enzyme’s 3D shape, which is crucial for its function.

Answer 18

Stabilizing the enzyme structure

Question 19

releases a significant amount of energy, which can be directly coupled to endergonic reactions to provide the necessary energy input.

Answer 19

ATP hydrolysis

Question 20

Primary energy currency of cells

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Answer 21

Cellular respiration

Question 22

Pyruvate is further oxidized, generating more ATP, NADH, and FADH2. This process occurs in the mitochondria.

Answer 22

Krebs Cycle

Question 23

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

Answer 23

Glycolysis

Question 24

.NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC, which pumps protons across the mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

Overall Reaction: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Answer 24

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 25

less efficient and occurs when oxygen is not available. It primarily involves glycolysis followed by fermentation.

Answer 25

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 26

Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid. This process occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise.

Answer 26

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 27

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process is used by yeast and some bacteria to produce alcohol and bread.

Answer 27

Alcoholic Fermentation