PHILOSOPHY Quiz/Exam Reviewer

Question 1

relating to the idea that things should be studied as a whole and not just as a sum of their part

Answer 1

Holistic Thinking

Question 2

focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

Answer 2

Partial Thinking

Question 3

A way of thinking about the world and is composed of view and beliefs of a person. -Abella, 2016.

Answer 3

Framework

Question 4

Embrace all types of knowledge.

Answer 4

Examination of Knowledge

Question 5

The mother of human and natural sciences.

Answer 5

Discipline

Question 6

Is a knowledge validated based on the facts or reality.

Answer 6

Fact

Question 7

A statement of judgement of a person about something in the world. Opinions are cases for making argument and convincing people that a certain claims are fact.

Answer 7

Opinion

Question 8

in acquiring knowledge asserts that knowledge is primarily gained through direct sensory experience and observation of the external world, emphasizing the importance of evidence, observation, and experimentation. It rejects the idea of innate knowledge, instead proposing that all ideas originate from sensory input and experiences.

Answer 8

Empricism

Question 9

in acquiring knowledge posits that reason and innate ideas are the primary sources of knowledge, prioritizing logic and deduction over sensory experience. Rationalists believe that certain truths can be grasped through pure thought and reasoning, independent of empirical observation.

Answer 9

Rationalism

Question 10

relies on justifications like “it feels right to me”. The problem with such an approach is there is no way to separate accurate knowledge from inaccurate knowledge, as there is no way to observe or examine the accuracy of the knowledge.

Answer 10

Intuition

Question 11

This approach relies on acquiring the knowledge from a person who is a respected source of information on that particular subject. This approach relies on the fact that we accept what is fixed or established especially by order or authority.

Answer 11

Authority

Question 12

This approach to acquiring knowledge rests on the idea that reason is the primary source of knowledge. Favored by many philosophers, it assumes that the behavior of natural objects is governed by a set of laws and that people can discover these laws by their efforts. That is, truth is knowable or can be discovered independent of observations, purely through thinking, including mathematical and logical reasoning and other thinking processes.

Answer 12

Reasoning

Question 13

Empiricism and rationalism are the key cornerstones of the scientific method. Scientists use reasoning (mostly deductive reasoning) to provide a theoretical and empirical rationale for the research, to develop hypotheses, and to determine the validity of the results.

Answer 13

Scientific Method

Question 14

metempsychosis

Answer 14

reincarnation

Question 15

Tested against their empirical evidence.

Answer 15

Objective Domain

Question 16

Tested against their acceptability to a particular group, in particular time in history.

Answer 16

Social Domain

Question 17

Tested against the consistency and authenticity of a person who claims it.

Answer 17

Personal Domain

Question 18

means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint.

Answer 18

Philosophizing

Question 19

commonly used to refer to the entire human race

Answer 19

man

Question 20

refers to man as species – Homo sapiens

Answer 20

Human

Question 21

refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.

Answer 21

Human Being

Question 22

refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.

Answer 22

Person

Question 23

refers to the state of being a person.

Answer 23

Personhood

Question 24

refers to the characteristics that distinguishes human from all other creatures.

Answer 24

Human Nature

Question 25

as defined in the Merriam dictionary is “something that controls how much of something is possible or allowed”.

Answer 25

Limitations

Question 26

Refers to the things in our lives that are already given (Ex. We are born in a particular time and place, and we did not choose them).

Answer 26

Facticity

Question 27

This means that we will not live forever – that we have a limited period of stay in this world (we call this finitude). We are just passers of this place.

Answer 27

Spatial-Temporal Being

Question 28

We have established that we are our bodies, but also more than our bodies. Our body then serves as an intermediary between the physical world and us. It is because of my body that I experience the world as my world and not the world of other.

Answer 28

The Body as Intermediary

Question 29

The ability to explore and surpass limits

Answer 29

Transcendence

Question 30

his view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet, and that they are free to transform the planet and use its resources.

Answer 30

Anthropocentrism

Question 31

The belief that the humans are not the only important species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected.

Answer 31

Biocentrism

Question 32

This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community, and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.

Answer 32

Ecocentrism

Question 33

is a perspective that advocates action to address growing environmental problems

Answer 33

Enviromentalism

Question 34

This concept teaches us to make wise decisions concerning the use of Earth’s resources today so that there is still enough left for tomorrow.

Answer 34

Sustainability

Question 35

Refers to maintaining the state of the environment in the midst of human activities.

Answer 35

Environmental Integrity

Question 36

Refers to the wise use of resources, that is, using the resources in their entirety, if possible, to avoid unnecessary waste.

Answer 36

Economic Efficiency

Question 37

Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them

Answer 37

Equity

Question 38

The ability to discipline and govern one’s actions and behavior

Answer 38

Prudence

Question 39

Spinoza aims to show that God is the fundamental substance of the universe by arguing that substances do not share attributes or essences. He first establishes that God is a "substance" with an infinite number of attributes, and from this, he concludes that any attributes found in other substances must also be attributes of God.

Answer 39

Metaphysics

Question 40

Cognitive Branch

Answer 40

Logic Epistemology Metaphysics

Question 41

Normative Branch

Answer 41

Ethics Social Politics Aesthetics

Question 42

Provide a description of being and knowing. The foundation of understanding any philosophical system

Answer 42

Cognitive Branch

Question 43

Concerned with what is ought to be.

Answer 43

Normative Branch

Question 44

Is the systematic study of the rule for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rule we can use to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. The ability to test argument for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for “doing” philosophy.

Answer 44

Logic

Question 45

Is the act of using scenario and making generalized conclusion from them. Also referred to as “Cause-and-Effect Reasoning”, inductive reasoning can be thought as “ Bottom up”.

Answer 45

Inductive Reasoning

Question 46

Is the act of making a generalized statement and backing it up with specific scenarios or information. It can be thought as a “top down” approach to drawing conclusion.

Answer 46

Deductive Reasoning

Question 47

The ability to see commonalities between problems, situations or domains and relate those features between them.

Answer 47

Analogical Reasoning

Question 48

Refers to the though process involved in a judgment about what explanation underlies a group of facts or observation

Answer 48

Abductive Reasoning

Question 49

The technical term for the theory of knowledge, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning “knowledge”. Also, its studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.

Answer 49

Epistemology

Question 50

hold that human reason alone can discover the basic principles of the universe.

Answer 50

Rationalism

Question 51

claims that all knowledge is ultimate derived from sense experience and thus, that our knowledge is limited to that experienced.

Answer 51

Empricism

Question 52

Philosophical discipline concerned with exploring the basic principles that govern the nature of reality. _____explores abstract concepts to gain a deeper understanding of the world and the universe, with the goal of uncovering the truths that are not easily seen in everyday life.

Answer 52

Metaphysics

Question 53

THE 3 MAIN SUB- DISCIPLINE OF METAPHYSICS

Answer 53

General Metaphysics Psychical Metaphysics Physical Metaphysics

Question 54

deals with the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and being. It seeks to answer the most basic questions about the world and the universe we live in.

Answer 54

General Metaphysics

Question 55

also known as philosophy of mind or philosophy of psychology, is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature and existence of the mind, consciousness, and mental phenomena.

Answer 55

Psychical Metaphysics

Question 56

deals with the fundamental nature of physical reality, as described and understood through the lens of physical science.

Answer 56

Physical Metaphysics

Question 57

examines the standards, principles, and rules that ought to govern human conduct and what it means to be a good, admirable, or excellent person. It explores the nature and status of moral judgments, as well as how to resolve particular moral issues and dilemmas.

Answer 57

Ethical

Question 58

issues involve examining the nature of justice, equality, rights, and the appropriate role of the state and government. Thinkers debate topics like the legitimacy of political authority, the balance between individual liberty and collective welfare, and how to structure economic and social institutions

Answer 58

Social Politics

Question 59

deals with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, investigating questions of what makes something beautiful or artistically valuable.

Answer 59

Aesthetic

Question 60

The quality of being economical on the use of one’s resources

Answer 60

Frugality

Question 61

commonly means bracketing ● also known as withholding, disregarding, abandoning, parenthesizing, and putting out of play. ● is the process by which biases and assumptions are blocked out in order to explain a phenomenon in terms of its own inherent system of meaning.

Answer 61

Epoche

Question 62

They believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non- rational elements of human nature

Answer 62

Postmodernism

Question 63

● language cannot objectively describe truth ● language is totally conditioned

Answer 63

Analytic Tradition

Question 64

● a defect in an argument other than its having false premises. ● it is required to examine the arguments content

Answer 64

Fallacies