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Reviewer > PHILOSOPHY Quiz/Exam Reviewer > Flashcards

PHILOSOPHY Quiz/Exam Reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

relating to the idea that things should be studied as a whole and not just as a sum of their part

A

Holistic Thinking

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2
Q

focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

A

Partial Thinking

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3
Q

A way of thinking about the world and is composed of view and beliefs of a person. -Abella, 2016.

A

Framework

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4
Q

Embrace all types of knowledge.

A

Examination of Knowledge

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5
Q

The mother of human and natural sciences.

A

Discipline

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6
Q

Is a knowledge validated based on the facts or reality.

A

Fact

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7
Q

A statement of judgement of a person about something in the world. Opinions are cases for making argument and convincing people that a certain claims are fact.

A

Opinion

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8
Q

in acquiring knowledge asserts that knowledge is primarily gained through direct sensory experience and observation of the external world, emphasizing the importance of evidence, observation, and experimentation. It rejects the idea of innate knowledge, instead proposing that all ideas originate from sensory input and experiences.

A

Empricism

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9
Q

in acquiring knowledge posits that reason and innate ideas are the primary sources of knowledge, prioritizing logic and deduction over sensory experience. Rationalists believe that certain truths can be grasped through pure thought and reasoning, independent of empirical observation.

A

Rationalism

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10
Q

relies on justifications like “it feels right to me”. The problem with such an approach is there is no way to separate accurate knowledge from inaccurate knowledge, as there is no way to observe or examine the accuracy of the knowledge.

A

Intuition

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11
Q

This approach relies on acquiring the knowledge from a person who is a respected source of information on that particular subject. This approach relies on the fact that we accept what is fixed or established especially by order or authority.

A

Authority

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12
Q

This approach to acquiring knowledge rests on the idea that reason is the primary source of knowledge. Favored by many philosophers, it assumes that the behavior of natural objects is governed by a set of laws and that people can discover these laws by their efforts. That is, truth is knowable or can be discovered independent of observations, purely through thinking, including mathematical and logical reasoning and other thinking processes.

A

Reasoning

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13
Q

Empiricism and rationalism are the key cornerstones of the scientific method. Scientists use reasoning (mostly deductive reasoning) to provide a theoretical and empirical rationale for the research, to develop hypotheses, and to determine the validity of the results.

A

Scientific Method

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14
Q

metempsychosis

A

reincarnation

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15
Q

Tested against their empirical evidence.

A

Objective Domain

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16
Q

Tested against their acceptability to a particular group, in particular time in history.

A

Social Domain

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17
Q

Tested against the consistency and authenticity of a person who claims it.

A

Personal Domain

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18
Q

means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint.

A

Philosophizing

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19
Q

commonly used to refer to the entire human race

A

man

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20
Q

refers to man as species – Homo sapiens

A

Human

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21
Q

refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.

A

Human Being

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22
Q

refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.

A

Person

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23
Q

refers to the state of being a person.

A

Personhood

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24
Q

refers to the characteristics that distinguishes human from all other creatures.

A

Human Nature

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25
Q

as defined in the Merriam dictionary is “something that controls how much of something is possible or allowed”.

A

Limitations

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26
Q

Refers to the things in our lives that are already given (Ex. We are born in a particular time and place, and we did not choose them).

A

Facticity

27
Q

This means that we will not live forever – that we have a limited period of stay in this world (we call this finitude). We are just passers of this place.

A

Spatial-Temporal Being

28
Q

We have established that we are our bodies, but also more than our bodies. Our body then serves as an intermediary between the physical world and us. It is because of my body that I experience the world as my world and not the world of other.

A

The Body as Intermediary

29
Q

The ability to explore and surpass limits

A

Transcendence

30
Q

his view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet, and that they are free to transform the planet and use its resources.

A

Anthropocentrism

31
Q

The belief that the humans are not the only important species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected.

A

Biocentrism

32
Q

This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community, and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.

A

Ecocentrism

33
Q

is a perspective that advocates action to address growing environmental problems

A

Enviromentalism

34
Q

This concept teaches us to make wise decisions concerning the use of Earth’s resources today so that there is still enough left for tomorrow.

A

Sustainability

35
Q

Refers to maintaining the state of the environment in the midst of human activities.

A

Environmental Integrity

36
Q

Refers to the wise use of resources, that is, using the resources in their entirety, if possible, to avoid unnecessary waste.

A

Economic Efficiency

37
Q

Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them

A

Equity

38
Q

The ability to discipline and govern one’s actions and behavior

A

Prudence

39
Q

Spinoza aims to show that God is the fundamental substance of the universe by arguing that substances do not share attributes or essences. He first establishes that God is a “substance” with an infinite number of attributes, and from this, he concludes that any attributes found in other substances must also be attributes of God.

A

Metaphysics

40
Q

Cognitive Branch

A

Logic
Epistemology
Metaphysics

41
Q

Normative Branch

A

Ethics
Social Politics
Aesthetics

42
Q

Provide a description of being and knowing. The foundation of understanding any philosophical system

A

Cognitive Branch

43
Q

Concerned with what is ought to be.

A

Normative Branch

44
Q

Is the systematic study of the rule for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rule we can use to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. The ability to test argument for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for “doing” philosophy.

A

Logic

45
Q

Is the act of using scenario and making generalized conclusion from them. Also referred to as “Cause-and-Effect Reasoning”, inductive reasoning can be thought as “ Bottom up”.

A

Inductive Reasoning

46
Q

Is the act of making a generalized statement and backing it up with specific scenarios or information. It can be thought as a “top down” approach to drawing conclusion.

A

Deductive Reasoning

47
Q

The ability to see commonalities between problems, situations or domains and relate those features between them.

A

Analogical Reasoning

48
Q

Refers to the though process involved in a judgment about what explanation underlies a group of facts or observation

A

Abductive Reasoning

49
Q

The technical term for the theory of knowledge, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning “knowledge”. Also, its studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.

A

Epistemology

50
Q

hold that human reason alone can discover the basic principles of the universe.

A

Rationalism

51
Q

claims that all knowledge is ultimate derived from sense experience and thus, that our knowledge is limited to that experienced.

A

Empricism

52
Q

Philosophical discipline concerned with exploring the basic principles that govern the nature of reality. _____explores abstract concepts to gain a deeper understanding of the world and the universe, with the goal of uncovering the truths that are not easily seen in everyday life.

A

Metaphysics

53
Q

THE 3 MAIN
SUB- DISCIPLINE OF METAPHYSICS

A

General Metaphysics
Psychical Metaphysics
Physical Metaphysics

54
Q

deals with the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and being. It seeks to answer the most basic questions about the world and the universe we live in.

A

General Metaphysics

55
Q

also known as philosophy of mind or philosophy of psychology, is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature and existence of the mind, consciousness, and mental phenomena.

A

Psychical Metaphysics

56
Q

deals with the fundamental nature of physical reality, as described and understood through the lens of physical science.

A

Physical Metaphysics

57
Q

examines the standards, principles, and rules that ought to govern human conduct and what it means to be a good, admirable, or excellent person. It explores the nature and status of moral judgments, as well as how to resolve particular moral issues and dilemmas.

A

Ethical

58
Q

issues involve examining the nature of justice, equality, rights, and the appropriate role of the state and government. Thinkers debate topics like the legitimacy of political authority, the balance between individual liberty and collective welfare, and how to structure economic and social institutions

A

Social Politics

59
Q

deals with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, investigating questions of what makes something beautiful or artistically valuable.

A

Aesthetic

60
Q

The quality of being economical on the use of one’s resources

A

Frugality

61
Q

commonly means bracketing
● also known as withholding,
disregarding, abandoning,
parenthesizing, and putting
out of play.
● is the process by which
biases and assumptions are
blocked out in order to
explain a phenomenon in
terms of its own inherent
system of meaning.

A

Epoche

62
Q

They believe that humanity
should come at truth
beyond the rational to the
non- rational elements of
human nature

A

Postmodernism

63
Q

● language cannot objectively
describe truth
● language is totally
conditioned

A

Analytic Tradition

64
Q

● a defect in an argument
other than its having false
premises.
● it is required to examine the
arguments content

A

Fallacies

Reviewer (41 decks)

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