PHILOSOPHY Quiz/Exam Reviewer Flashcards
relating to the idea that things should be studied as a whole and not just as a sum of their part
Holistic Thinking
focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
Partial Thinking
A way of thinking about the world and is composed of view and beliefs of a person. -Abella, 2016.
Framework
Embrace all types of knowledge.
Examination of Knowledge
The mother of human and natural sciences.
Discipline
Is a knowledge validated based on the facts or reality.
Fact
A statement of judgement of a person about something in the world. Opinions are cases for making argument and convincing people that a certain claims are fact.
Opinion
in acquiring knowledge asserts that knowledge is primarily gained through direct sensory experience and observation of the external world, emphasizing the importance of evidence, observation, and experimentation. It rejects the idea of innate knowledge, instead proposing that all ideas originate from sensory input and experiences.
Empricism
in acquiring knowledge posits that reason and innate ideas are the primary sources of knowledge, prioritizing logic and deduction over sensory experience. Rationalists believe that certain truths can be grasped through pure thought and reasoning, independent of empirical observation.
Rationalism
relies on justifications like “it feels right to me”. The problem with such an approach is there is no way to separate accurate knowledge from inaccurate knowledge, as there is no way to observe or examine the accuracy of the knowledge.
Intuition
This approach relies on acquiring the knowledge from a person who is a respected source of information on that particular subject. This approach relies on the fact that we accept what is fixed or established especially by order or authority.
Authority
This approach to acquiring knowledge rests on the idea that reason is the primary source of knowledge. Favored by many philosophers, it assumes that the behavior of natural objects is governed by a set of laws and that people can discover these laws by their efforts. That is, truth is knowable or can be discovered independent of observations, purely through thinking, including mathematical and logical reasoning and other thinking processes.
Reasoning
Empiricism and rationalism are the key cornerstones of the scientific method. Scientists use reasoning (mostly deductive reasoning) to provide a theoretical and empirical rationale for the research, to develop hypotheses, and to determine the validity of the results.
Scientific Method
metempsychosis
reincarnation
Tested against their empirical evidence.
Objective Domain
Tested against their acceptability to a particular group, in particular time in history.
Social Domain
Tested against the consistency and authenticity of a person who claims it.
Personal Domain
means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a (matter) from a philosophical standpoint.
Philosophizing
commonly used to refer to the entire human race
man
refers to man as species – Homo sapiens
Human
refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.
Human Being
refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.
Person
refers to the state of being a person.
Personhood
refers to the characteristics that distinguishes human from all other creatures.
Human Nature
as defined in the Merriam dictionary is “something that controls how much of something is possible or allowed”.
Limitations
Refers to the things in our lives that are already given (Ex. We are born in a particular time and place, and we did not choose them).
Facticity
This means that we will not live forever – that we have a limited period of stay in this world (we call this finitude). We are just passers of this place.
Spatial-Temporal Being
We have established that we are our bodies, but also more than our bodies. Our body then serves as an intermediary between the physical world and us. It is because of my body that I experience the world as my world and not the world of other.
The Body as Intermediary
The ability to explore and surpass limits
Transcendence
his view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet, and that they are free to transform the planet and use its resources.
Anthropocentrism
The belief that the humans are not the only important species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
Biocentrism
This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community, and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.
Ecocentrism
is a perspective that advocates action to address growing environmental problems
Enviromentalism
This concept teaches us to make wise decisions concerning the use of Earth’s resources today so that there is still enough left for tomorrow.
Sustainability
Refers to maintaining the state of the environment in the midst of human activities.
Environmental Integrity
Refers to the wise use of resources, that is, using the resources in their entirety, if possible, to avoid unnecessary waste.
Economic Efficiency
Demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them
Equity
The ability to discipline and govern one’s actions and behavior
Prudence
Spinoza aims to show that God is the fundamental substance of the universe by arguing that substances do not share attributes or essences. He first establishes that God is a “substance” with an infinite number of attributes, and from this, he concludes that any attributes found in other substances must also be attributes of God.
Metaphysics
Cognitive Branch
Logic
Epistemology
Metaphysics
Normative Branch
Ethics
Social Politics
Aesthetics
Provide a description of being and knowing. The foundation of understanding any philosophical system
Cognitive Branch
Concerned with what is ought to be.
Normative Branch
Is the systematic study of the rule for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rule we can use to distinguish good arguments from bad ones. The ability to test argument for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for “doing” philosophy.
Logic
Is the act of using scenario and making generalized conclusion from them. Also referred to as “Cause-and-Effect Reasoning”, inductive reasoning can be thought as “ Bottom up”.
Inductive Reasoning
Is the act of making a generalized statement and backing it up with specific scenarios or information. It can be thought as a “top down” approach to drawing conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning
The ability to see commonalities between problems, situations or domains and relate those features between them.
Analogical Reasoning
Refers to the though process involved in a judgment about what explanation underlies a group of facts or observation
Abductive Reasoning
The technical term for the theory of knowledge, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning “knowledge”. Also, its studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.
Epistemology
hold that human reason alone can discover the basic principles of the universe.
Rationalism
claims that all knowledge is ultimate derived from sense experience and thus, that our knowledge is limited to that experienced.
Empricism
Philosophical discipline concerned with exploring the basic principles that govern the nature of reality. _____explores abstract concepts to gain a deeper understanding of the world and the universe, with the goal of uncovering the truths that are not easily seen in everyday life.
Metaphysics
THE 3 MAIN
SUB- DISCIPLINE OF METAPHYSICS
General Metaphysics
Psychical Metaphysics
Physical Metaphysics
deals with the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and being. It seeks to answer the most basic questions about the world and the universe we live in.
General Metaphysics
also known as philosophy of mind or philosophy of psychology, is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature and existence of the mind, consciousness, and mental phenomena.
Psychical Metaphysics
deals with the fundamental nature of physical reality, as described and understood through the lens of physical science.
Physical Metaphysics
examines the standards, principles, and rules that ought to govern human conduct and what it means to be a good, admirable, or excellent person. It explores the nature and status of moral judgments, as well as how to resolve particular moral issues and dilemmas.
Ethical
issues involve examining the nature of justice, equality, rights, and the appropriate role of the state and government. Thinkers debate topics like the legitimacy of political authority, the balance between individual liberty and collective welfare, and how to structure economic and social institutions
Social Politics
deals with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, investigating questions of what makes something beautiful or artistically valuable.
Aesthetic
The quality of being economical on the use of one’s resources
Frugality
commonly means bracketing
● also known as withholding,
disregarding, abandoning,
parenthesizing, and putting
out of play.
● is the process by which
biases and assumptions are
blocked out in order to
explain a phenomenon in
terms of its own inherent
system of meaning.
Epoche
They believe that humanity
should come at truth
beyond the rational to the
non- rational elements of
human nature
Postmodernism
● language cannot objectively
describe truth
● language is totally
conditioned
Analytic Tradition
● a defect in an argument
other than its having false
premises.
● it is required to examine the
arguments content
Fallacies
