types of ltm Flashcards
what is episodic memory
refers to ability to recall events from lives
eg-most recent visit to dentist or breakfast ate this morning
memories are complex
time stamped- remember when they happened as well as what happened
store info about how events relate to each other in time
memory of single ep will include several elements, all memories interwoven to produce single memory
have to make conscious effort to recall episodic memroy- do it quickly but still aware searching for memory of what happened and when
what is semantic memory
contains shared knowledge of world
eg-how to apply to uni, what orange tastes like
semantic memory contains knwoledge of impressive mumber of concepts such as animals love and frozen
not time stamped- dont remember when first heard about it
less personal and more about facts we all share
immense collection of material which is constantly being added to
tulving- less vulnerable to distortion nd forgetting than episodic memory
what is procedural memory
memory for actions or skills and how we do things
recall these without conscious awareness or much effort
eg- driving
ability to do this becomes automatic through practice
sorts of skills find hard to explain to someone else
try to describe what your doing, task becomes more difficult
what is clinical evidence (eval)
evidence from hm case study and wearing
episodic-severely impaired due to brain damage
semantic-unaffected- understood meanings of words
procedural-intact- knew how to walk and speak
wearing knew how to read music and sing and play piano
evidence supports tulvings view there are different memory stores in ltm- one can be damaged but other stores unaffected
studying people with brain injuries can help researchers udnerstand how memory is supposed to work normally
not perfect
lack control of variables
brain injuries experienced were unexpected
researcher had not controlling what happened to pps before or furing inury
researcher has no knowledge of individuals memory before damage
difficult to judge how mcuh worse it is after
lack of control limits what clinical studies cna tel us about different types of ltm
what is conflicting neuroimaging evidence (eval)
conflicting research findings linking types of ltm to areas of brain
buckner and petersen-reviewed evidence regarding location of semantic and episodic
semantic located on left side of prefrontal cortex and episodic on the right
other research links left prefrontal cortex with encoding of episodic memory and right prefrontal cortex with episodic retrieval
challenges neurophysiological evideicen to support types of memory as there is poor agreement on where each type might be lcoated
what is real world application (eval)
understanding types of ltm allows psychologists to help people with memory problems
as people age- experience memory loss but research has shown this seems to be episodic- becomes harder to recall memories of personal events or experiences that occurred relatively recently
belleville-devised intervention o improve episodic memories in odler people, trained pps performed better on tst of episodic memory after training than control group
shows distinguishing between types of ltm enables specific treatments to be developed
