cognitive approach- psychopathology Flashcards
what is faulty information processing (becks negative triad)
depressed people attend to negative aspects of situation and ignore positives
black and white thinking where something is either all bad or all good
what is negative self schema (becks negative triad)
schema package of ideas and info developed through experience
act as mental framework for interpretation of sensory info
sefl schema package of info people have about themselves
use schema to interpet the world
negative self schema interpret all info about themselves in a negative way
what is negative triad (becks negative triad)
person develops dysfunctional view of themselves because three types of negative thinking occur automatically
negative view of world- creates impression there is no hope anywhere, ‘world is cold hard place’
negative view of the future- reduce any hopefulness and enhance depression, ‘there isnt much chance that the economy will really get better’
negative view of the self- enhance any existing depressive feelings because they confirm the existing emotions of low self esteem, ‘i am a failure’
what is ellis abc model
good mental health result of rational thinking defined as thinking in ways allow people to be happy and free from pain
irrational thoughts- any thoughts that interfere with us being happy and free from pain
what is the activiating event (ellis abc model)
focused on situations in which irrational thoughts triggered by external events
get depressed when we expereince negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs
events like failing an important test or ending relationship might trigger irrational beliefs
what is beliefs (ellis abc model)
musturbation- belief we must always succeed or achieve perfection
‘icant-stand-it-itis’ belief that it is major disaster whenever something does not go smoothly
‘utopianism’ belief that life is always meant to be fair
what are consequences (ellis abc model)
activating event triggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequences
if person believes that they must always succeed and then fails at something that can trigger depression
what is strength of becks negative triad
existance of supporting research
cognitive vulnerability refers to ways of thinking that may predispose a person to becoming depressed
clark and beck not only cognitive vulnerabilities more common in depressed people but they preceded depression
cohen- tracked development of 473 adolescents reguarly measuring cognitive vulnerability, found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression
association between cognitive vulnerability and depression
applications in screening and treatment for depression
cohen concluded assessing cognitive vulnerability allows psychologists to screen young people identifying those most at risk of developing depression in furture and monitoring them
applied to cbt- therapies work by altering the kind of cognitions that make people vulnerable to depression making them more resilient to negative life events
understanding cognitive vulnerability useful in more than one aspect of clinical practice
what is strength of ellis abc model
real world application in psychological treatment of depression
rational emotive behaviour therapy
vigorously arguing with depressed person therapist can alter the irrational beliefs making them unahppy
evidence to support the idea that rebt can change negative beliefs and relieve symptoms of depression
real world value
what is weakness of ellis abc mdoel
only explains reactive depression and not endogenous depression
how we respond to negative life events also seems to be partly result of beliefs
cases of depression not traceable to life events and not obvious what leads person to becpme depressed at particular time
type of depression sometimes called endogenous depression
less useful for explaining endogenous depression
can onyl explain some cases of depression- partial explanation
what is cognitive behaviour therapy
commonly used psychological treatment for depressio adn range of other mental health issues
cognitive element- begins with assessment in which client and therapist work together to clarify clients problems, jointly identify goals for therapy and put together a plan to achieve them, one of central tasks is to identify where there might be negative or irrational thoughts that will benefit from challenge
behaviour element- involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts and put more effective behaviours into place
what is becks cognitive therapy
identify automatic thoughts about world self and future
thoughts must be challenged- central component of therapy
aims to help client test reality of negaitve beliefs
set hommework such as record when enjoyed event or when people nice to them-client as scientist investigating reality of negative beliefs in the way a scientist would
if client say that no one is nice to them or there is no point going to events
therapist can produce this veidence and use it to prove the clients statements are incorrect
what is ellis rational emotive behaviour therapy
extebds abc model to abcde model
d-dispute and e- effect
identify and dispute irrational thoughts
client might talk about how unlucky they have been or how unfair things seem, therapist identify these as examples of utopianism and chellenge this as irrational belief, involve vigorous argument, intended effect is to change irrational belief and break link between negative life events and depression
empirical argument- disputing where there is actual evidence to support the negative belief
logical argument- disputing whether the negative thought logically follows from the facts
what is behavioural activation
tend to incerasingly avoid difficult situations and become isolated which maintains or worsens symptoms
work with depressed individuas to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation and icnrease their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood
therapist aims to reinforce such activity
what is evidence for effectiveness
large body of evidence supporting its effectivness
march-compared cbt to antidepressant drugs and combination of both treatments when treating 327 depressed adolescnets, after 36 weeks 81% of cbt group 81% of antidepressant group and 86% of cbt plus antidepressant group improved
cbt just as effective when used on its own and more so when used alongside antidepressants
usually fair brief therapy requiring 6-12 sessions so also cost effective
cbt widely seen as first choice in treatment in public health care systems such as nhs
