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CPT > training clients with asthma, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

training clients with asthma, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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1
Q

special populations

A

subgroups of the general population that present with certain acute or chronic conditions that require specialized or adjusted training methods or programs

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2
Q

common examples of special populations

A

diseased individuals
obese
pregnant
children
older adults

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3
Q

for clients with pre-existing disorders, -__ is often recommended before initiating physical activity

A

medical referral

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4
Q

asthma

A

chronic, inflammatory pulmonary disorder that causes bronchospasm and is characterized by hyper-irritability or a reversible obstruction of the airways

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5
Q

exercise induced asthma

A

narrowing of the airways in the lungs in response to strenuous physical exertion

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6
Q

exercise and asthma: the condition is induced by several mechanisms including

A

allergens, chemical irritants, smoke and pollutants, cold air

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7
Q

general recommendations for asthmatics

A
  • Evaluate the training environment for common asthma triggers
  • Employ longer warm-up and cool down periods to
    acclimate the body to changing physiological conditions
  • Swimming, cycling, and walking are less likely than running to trigger an event
  • Participating in sports that use stop-and-go activities (e.g., tennis, volleyball, and basketball) are less likely to trigger ElA when compared to long, continuous activity
  • High-intensity exercise triggers ElA more often than moderate-intensity exercise; intensities of 60-80% HRR are recommended when prescribing aerobic training
  • Steady-state endurance training is less likely than intervals to trigger a response
  • Encourage controlled nasal breathing whenever possible
  • Maintain appropriate medications on site and have an emergency plan
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8
Q

diabetes

A

characterized by high blood glucose levels due to sugar regulation impairment within the body

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9
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of antibodies that attack the islet cells of the pancreas; reduces or stops insulin production

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10
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

characterized by insulin insensitivity and beta cell dysfunction in later stages

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11
Q

type 2 diabetes caused by several mechanisms including

A

genetic predisposition, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet

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12
Q

benefits of exercise on diabetes

A
  • improved insulin sensitivity and glucose control
  • improved blood lipid profile
  • reduced visceral fat storage
  • improved cardiovascular and muscular fitness
  • reduced risk for cardiovascular/peripheral vascular disease, heart attack, stroke
  • improved quality of life
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13
Q

when aerobic and weight training is employed in a circuit fashion, positive adaptations on ____, ____, ____ and ____ are observed

A

glucose control, insulin action, muscular strength, exercise tolerance

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14
Q

additional screening criteria used to determine risk for injury or complications among diabetics include

A

age >35
obesity >25 years
presence of type 1 diabetes>15 years
presence of type 2 diabetes >10 years
presence of additional risk factors for HD
presence of microvascular disease, including retinopathy and nephorpathy
peripheral vascular disease
autonomic neruropathy

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15
Q

general recommendations for type 1 diabetics:
avoid exercise if fasting glucose levels are

A

> 200 mg/dl and ketosis is present

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16
Q

general recommendations for type 1 diabetics:
use caution if fasting glucose levels are

A

> 300 mg/dl without ketones

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17
Q

general recommendations for type 1 diabetics:
monitor blood glucose before and after exercise and identify

A

when changes to food or insulin are needed

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18
Q

general recommendations for type 1 diabetics:
use carbohydrates to avoid

A

hypoglycemia

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19
Q

general recommendations for type 1 diabetics:
pay close attention to signs of

A

fatigue and metabolic shifts during exercise

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20
Q

general recommendations for type 2 diabetics:
perform regular PA ___

A

most days

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21
Q

general recommendations for type 2 diabetics:
focus on

A

caloric expenditure and weight loss

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22
Q

general recommendations for type 2 diabetics:
initiate exercise with

A

appropriate acclimation periods

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23
Q

general recommendations for type 2 diabetics: work up to aerobic intensities of ____% HRR

A

60-80

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24
Q

general recommendations for type 2 diabetics:
modify exercise for

A

microvascular complications

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25
Q

retinopathy

A

small vessel disease of the eyes

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26
Q

retinopathy: avoid exercises that

A

produce high BP, particularly high-intensity compressive RT (ex leg press)

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27
Q

retinopathy: do not use activities that

A

lower the head below the waist (yoga)

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28
Q

retinopathy: do not use activities that may jar

A

the head, plyometrics

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29
Q

nephropathy

A

small vessel disease of the kidneys

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30
Q

nephropathy: avoid moderate to heavy

A

weightlifting

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31
Q

nephropathy: avoid high intensity

A

aerobic

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32
Q

nephropathy: avoid holding

A

breath during exercise

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33
Q

nephropathy: maintain adequate

A

hydration

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34
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

small vessel disease of nerve tissue

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35
Q

peripheral neuropathy: avoid exercise that causes

A

pounding/repetitive stress to feet

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36
Q

peripheral neruopathy: select _____ exercises

A

non weight bearing

37
Q

peripheral neuropathy: endure proper ______ is always worn during PA

A

footwear

38
Q

participation levels and recommended guidelines depend on specific disease related factors

A
  • progressive stage of disease
  • degree of damage or symptoms
  • current physical state of the individual
  • presence of other heath-limiting factors
39
Q

hypertension

A

high BP in circulatory arteries

40
Q

BP measures at or above ____ are considered hypertensive

A

130/80

41
Q

high BP causes ____ blood flow and stress upon _____

A

turbulent
inner lining of blood vessels

42
Q

high BP causes ____ lesions

A

endothelial

43
Q

high BP causes the formation of _____ and the onset of _____

A

atherosclerotic plaque, onset of coronary artery disease

44
Q

high BP causes an increased risk for

A

kidney damage, stroke, chronic heart failure

45
Q

prescribing resistance training at ____% 1RM is most appropriate for HTN

A

50-70

46
Q

general guidelines for HTN: aerobic exercise time and intensity

A

40-60 min 50-75% VO2 max, 3-5 days per week

47
Q

exercise can lower systolic and diastolic measures of BP by ____ over time

A

9

48
Q

exercise with HTN can improve endothelial fxn and platelet activation and can lower negative inflammatory response

A

true

49
Q

exercise HTN: does not have to be a single, long duration bout; can be

A

several 10 min sessions

50
Q

exercise and HTN: RT- ___ reps, preferably in _____, avoid heavy ___%

A

12-15, circuit, >70%1RM

51
Q

most common form of heart disease

A

CAD

52
Q

CAD characterized by

A

narrowing, hardening, and blockage of coronary vessels from atherosclerosis plaque build up and/or progressive arteriosclerosis

53
Q

CAD is commonly attributed to several factors including

A

obesity, physical activity, high BP, poor lipid profile, diabetes, smoking

54
Q

aerobic training is a primary focus, but resistance training is also useful for

A

improving muscle strength
increased metabolic/CV fxn
enhanced psychological well being
reduce CV risk factors

55
Q

the exercise prescription Among those with CAD should be managed using the following to determine lifting loads and movements

A

HR, BP, RPP, RPE

56
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
___ exercise

A

aerobic

57
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
accumulate up to ____ min of ___ intensity aerobic activity ___ days; increase to a frequency of ____ sessions per week, at an intensity of ____% HRR for ____ min

A

40-60, low, most, 3-4, 40-75%, 20-40

58
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
___ min warm up and cool down

A

10

59
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
___ training

A

resistance

60
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
introduce resistance training using ____, _____. __ set, ___ reps

A

closed-chain, body weight
1, 15-20

61
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
CV measure should be monitored, ___ should be used to gauge intensity

A

RPE

62
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
flexibility should be encouraged, utilizing proper

A

breathing techniques

63
Q

general recommendation for CAD:
avoid

A

heavy resistance
isometric training
breath holding

64
Q

congestive heart failure

A

chronic progressive condition resulting in an inability to pump adequate blood to the body due to enlargement of heart muscle central portion

65
Q

stage 1 CHF

A

breathlessness or tiredness (brisk walk, jog, stairs)

66
Q

stage 2 CHF

A

comfortable when resting, heart races or breathless when walking a block or taking the stairs

67
Q

stage 3 CHF

A

palpitation or tiredness with simple tasks like getting up from the sofa and walking to the kitchen

68
Q

stage 4 CHF

A

heart and breath go faster even at rest
tiredness while sitting
anxiety and palpitations almost all the time

69
Q

CHF: an appropriate aerobic exercise program can

A

improve circulation and skeletal muscle O2 delivery and use
increase heart pumping capacity
positively affect heart enlargement
reduce risk for hospitalization and early mortality
improve QDL

70
Q

significant concern of CHF

A

peripheral musclar weakness

71
Q

CHF:
short bouts of aerobic activity at ___% peak O2 capacity, ___min/session

A

40-50, 3-5

72
Q

CHF: an appropriate exercise program can improve ___, increase ____ and positively affect ____

A

circulation, pumping capacity, enlargement

73
Q

CHF: incorporate RT using ___ muscles at intensities of ___% 1 RM

A

small, 50-60

74
Q

CHF: RPE scale should be employed for clients since

A

most will be on medicine that block HR response

75
Q

CHF: excessive stress should be avoided due to

A

limited work capacity

76
Q

CHF: progressions should mirror

A

individual tolerance and work capacity

77
Q

Which of the following statements concerning diabetes is incorrect?
a. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disorder
b. Pregnant females can suffer an increased risk for diabetes
c. Type II diabetes is characterized by insulin hypersensitivity
d. Type II diabetes can be caused by obesity, a poor diet or sedentary lifestyle

A

c

78
Q

Which of the following is recommended for Type II diabetics?
a. Focus on caloric expenditure (minimum goal of 1,000 kcal/week) and weight loss
b. Work up to aerobic intensities of 60-80% HRR
c. Modify exercise activities for microvascular complications
d. All of the above

A

d

79
Q

High blood pressure causes all the following, except:
a. Stress to the inner lining of blood vessels
b. An increased risk for kidney damage or stroke
c. Development of atherosclerotic plaque
d. Non-functional capillary enlargement

A

d

80
Q

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary artery disease?
a. Smoking
b. Obesity and/or diabetes
c. High blood pressure
d. All of the above

A

d

81
Q

If working with a Type I diabetic client, avoid exercise if fasting glucose levels are ____mg/dl and ketosis is present.

A

200

82
Q

for clients with coronary artery disease make sure to avoid heavy weightlifting, isometric training, and _____ during training activities.

A

breath holding

83
Q

for a client with congestive heart failure, use resistance training activities as appropriate at ____% of their 1RM and use extended rest intervals.

A

50-60

84
Q

true or False? The prevalence of asthma is much higher among obese individuals when compared to those of normal weight.

A

true

85
Q

True or False? Diabetic clients should not lift weights.

A

false

86
Q

identify at least three potential mechanisms by which asthma is known to be triggered.

A

allergens
chemicals
smoke
pollutants
cold air

87
Q

Identify at least three benefits of exercise on diabetes.

A

a. improved insulin sensitivity and glucose control , b. improved blood lipid profile , c. reduced visceral fat storage , d. improved cardiovascular and muscular fitness , e. reduced risk for cardiovascular/peripheral vascular disease , f. heart attack and stroke , g. improved quality of life (QOL)

88
Q

Identify the primary recommendation for each of the following if working with a hypertensive client.
a. aerobic exercise
b. resistance training

A

a. Aerobic exercise accumulate 40-60 min at 50-75% VO2max 3-5 days per week
b. Resistance training use 12-15 repetitions, preferably in circuit format; avoid heavy RT (>70% 1RM) and holding one’s breath

CPT (41 decks)

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