impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease

Question 1

physical activity reduces the risk for premature mortality associated with (3)

Answer 1

all forms of cardiovascular disease
various types of cancer
metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes

Question 2

how many deaths are due to physical inactivity

Answer 2

200,000

Question 3

risk for all cause mortality is ___% higher with sedentary living and low cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 3

> 200

Question 4

greatest reduction in mortality risk occurs when

Answer 4

moving from low to moderate fitness levels

Question 5

leading cause of death in the US

Answer 5

heart disease

Question 6

factors shown to lower the risk for heart disease

Answer 6

a. lower blood pressure, cholesterol
b. consume a diet low in salt, refined sugar, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
c. consume diet rich in fiber via fruit, veggies, heart healthy fat
d. exercise regularly
e. avoid excessive intake of alcohol and do not smoke
f. safe use of medicine and OTC drugs
g. stress management
h. lose weight and body fat if overweight

Question 7

CHD is facilitated by HTN which causes _____ and promotes ____ overtime

Answer 7

, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis

Question 8

atherosclerosis

Answer 8

arterial wall damage with plaque accumulation
lesions in major arteries caused by hypertension ultimately fill with cholesterol deposits and other debris called plaque

Question 9

arteriosclerosis

Answer 9

arterial wall hardening

Question 10

CHD results in a progressive reduction in blood supply to the heart due to

Answer 10

narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque

Question 11

low-density lipoprotein

Answer 11

cholesterol accumulates at the sites of injury and can cause progressive blockage or an aneurism

Question 12

high density lipoprotein

Answer 12

large lipoprotein that functions in reverse transport of cholesterol; its particles add a protective function against CHD

Question 13

a ______ profile is associated with HD

Answer 13

poor blood lipid

Question 14

blood lipid high-risk goals:
LDL
non HDL
apoB

Answer 14

LDL<100mg/dL
non HDL<130mg/dL
apoB<90mg/dL

Question 15

apoB-protein involved in

Answer 15

lipid metabolism and main constituent of LDL as well as VLDL

Question 16

blood lipid moderate-risk goals

Answer 16

same as high

Question 17

blood lipid low risk goals
LDL
non HDL
apoB

Answer 17

LDL<130mg/dL
non HDL<160mg/dL
apoB not relevant

Question 18

regular aerobic training at 60-80% VO2 max can greatly reduce the risk for CHD by (3):
reducing _______
improving ____
limiting_____

Answer 18

reducing body fat, blood pressure, systemic inflammation
improving blood lipid profile values
limit the risk for myocardial ischemia, blood clots, rhythm inflammation

Question 19

what daily things can lower the risk for CHD

Answer 19

diet, lifestyle habits, stress reduction

Question 20

blockages in ____ cause heart attacks

Answer 20

coronary arteries

Question 21

blockages in ____ cause strokes

Answer 21

cerebral arteries

Question 22

aerobic training and high volume anaerobic endurance reduces risk of atherosclerosis by (4)

Answer 22

1. lowering BP, platelet adhesion and markers of low grade inflammation
2. managing LDL and blood triglyceride concentrations
3. increasing HDL production in the liver and improving characteristics
4. help manage stress

Question 23

chronic psychological stress promotes greater circulating _____ and ____ as well as excessive _______via adrenal hormonal mechanisms

Answer 23

cholesterol, triglycerides
platelet adhesion

Question 24

___+___+___leads to atherosclerosis

Answer 24

stress, hypertension, systemic inflammation

Question 25

lack of O2 supply in the heart muscle often due to coronary artery blockage; severe blockage can trigger heart attack

Answer 25

myocardial ischemia

Question 26

routine aerobic exercise reduces risk of myocardial ischemia by (5)

Answer 26

1. improve coronary blood flow and ventricular volume 2. decrease cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening 3. remodeling vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery 4. reduce stress and consequent increases in blood pressure 5. reducing the risk for dangerous heart arrhythmia and blood clots

Question 27

thrombosis

Answer 27

blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism

Question 28

a thrombotic event often starts with

Answer 28

disruption or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque

Question 29

pulmonary embolism

Answer 29

life-threatening blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs which can cause respiratory arrest and sudden death

Question 30

signs of pulmonary embolism

Answer 30

- unexplained sudden onset of shortness of breath - chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or when you cough - feeling light headed, dizzy, fainting - coughing up blood

Question 31

aerobic training reduces the risk for blood clots by

Answer 31

promoting greater arterial diameter and vasodilation enhancing enzymatic activity that breaks down clots and decreases platelet adhesion

Question 32

deep vein thrombosis can occur throughout the body but often the

Answer 32

legs

Question 33

DVT has the potential to promote

Answer 33

postphlebitic syndrome

Question 34

vein inflammation and consequent symptoms such as blood flow reduction, swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and/or sores

Answer 34

postphlebitic syndrome

Question 35

DVT risk factors

Answer 35

bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, varicose veins, blood-clotting disorder, obesity, smoking, family history, older age

Question 36

stroke

Answer 36

sudden regional brain death due to lack of O2

Question 37

primary causes of stroke

Answer 37

vascular blockage, arterial rupture

Question 38

ischemic strokes count for ___% of cases

Answer 38

80

Question 39

ischemic stroke primarily caused by

Answer 39

atherosclerosis and an ensuing blood clot, common in smokers

Question 40

hemorrhagic strokes are primarily caused by

Answer 40

hypertension

Question 41

reducing the risk for stroke

Answer 41

aerobic exercise to lower BP, do not smoke, follow dietary habits that do not promote systemic inflammation (processed food)

Question 42

ability of the arteries to expand and contract to accommodate changes n BP

Answer 42

vascular compliance

Question 43

predominant underlying contributor for CVD

Answer 43

hypertension

Question 44

normal BP

Answer 44

<120/<80

Question 45

elevated BP

Answer 45

120-129/<80

Question 46

hypertension stage 1

Answer 46

130-139/80-89

Question 47

hypertension stage 2

Answer 47

140+/90+

Question 48

hypertensive crisis

Answer 48

180+/120+

Question 49

aerobic training 3-4 days/week for 30-60min at 60-70% VO2 max can reduce ___ directly

Answer 49

BP

Question 50

aerobic training and reduce the risk for hypertension by

Answer 50

reducing resting and sub maximal exercise HR reduce hormone activity that increases BP improve arterial vasodilation and vessel compliance create baroreceptor adjustments that help the body better manage pressure

Question 51

health problems and complications related to hypertension

Answer 51

organ damage, congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke, aortic aneurysms and dissection, renal failure, retinopathy

Question 52

atherosclerosis complications of hypertension

Answer 52

coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease

Question 53

diuretics

Answer 53

act on the kidneys to prevent re-absorption of water

Question 54

beta-blockers

Answer 54

reduce myocardial vigor by inhibiting the nerve impulse to the heart and blood vessels

Question 55

angiostensin converting enzyme inhibitor cause blood vessels to relax by

Answer 55

preventing the formation of the hormone angiostensin II which causes constriction

Question 56

angiostensin antagonists block angiostensin resulting in prevention of

Answer 56

vasoconstriction

Question 57

calcium channel blockers

Answer 57

prevent calcium from entering the myocardium, reducing contraction

Question 58

nervous system inhibitors relax blood vessels by

Answer 58

controlling nerve impulses

Question 59

vasodilators

Answer 59

directly open the blood vessels by relaxing the muscle in vessel walls

Question 60

Physical activity can reduce the risk for premature death from: a. Heart disease b. Stroke c. Type 2 diabetes mellitus d. All of the above

Answer 60

d

Question 61

an individual with no known risk factor for cardiovascular disease is recommended to have LDL cholesterol measures no higher than a. 100 mg/dL b. 130 mg/dL c. 160 d. 180

Answer 61

b

Question 62

which of the following may potentially protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing dangerous lipid concentrations from the blood? a. LDL-C b. triglycerides c. cytokines d. HDL-C

Answer 62

d

Question 63

regular aerobic training at 60-80% of VO2 max can reduce the risk for CHD via which of the following means a. reductions in body fat and BP b. improved blood lipid profile values c. reducing the risk for blood clots d. all of the above

Answer 63

d

Question 64

which of the following is NOT a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis a. pregnancy b. overturning syndrome c. smoking d. prolonged bed rest

Answer 64

b

Question 65

which of the following is considered stage 1 hypertension a. 115/170 b. 130/80 c. 140/90 d. 150/100

Answer 65

b

Question 66

____describes a process of progressive vascular damage which can result in plaque accumulation in major arteries

Answer 66

atherosclerosis

Question 67

_____is a blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke or even pulmonary embolism

Answer 67

thrombosis

Question 68

___ is the leading cause of health in the US, but regular physical activity dramatically reduces ones risk

Answer 68

HD

Question 69

true or false: chronic psychological stress can promote greater circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease

Answer 69

true

Question 70

true or false: a stroke is associated with sudden death of an area to the brain due to lack of oxygen, and primarily causes include blood clots, smoking and hypertension

Answer 70

true

Question 71

true or false: it is estimated that about 10% of the US adult population is hypertensive

Answer 71

false

Question 72

identify at least two potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise can reduce the risk for a heart attack

Answer 72

- improved coronary blood flow and ventricular volume - decreased risk for cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening - remodeling of vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery - reduced stress - reduced risk for dangerous heart arrhythmias and blood clots

Question 73

what is the basic prescription for aerobic training to reduce hypertension? ___days/week for ___min at ___% VO2 max

Answer 73

3-4 30-60 60-70

Question 74

identify at least 4 key factors shown to lower ones risk for heart disease in general

Answer 74

lower your blood pressure lower your LDL cholesterol consume a diet low in sat, refined sugars, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol exercise regularly (at least 150 min/week) avoid excess alcohol and do not smoke ensure safe use of medications develop adequate stress management skills lose weight/fat if overweight