impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease Flashcards
physical activity reduces the risk for premature mortality associated with (3)
all forms of cardiovascular disease
various types of cancer
metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes
how many deaths are due to physical inactivity
200,000
risk for all cause mortality is ___% higher with sedentary living and low cardiorespiratory fitness
> 200
greatest reduction in mortality risk occurs when
moving from low to moderate fitness levels
leading cause of death in the US
heart disease
factors shown to lower the risk for heart disease
a. lower blood pressure, cholesterol
b. consume a diet low in salt, refined sugar, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
c. consume diet rich in fiber via fruit, veggies, heart healthy fat
d. exercise regularly
e. avoid excessive intake of alcohol and do not smoke
f. safe use of medicine and OTC drugs
g. stress management
h. lose weight and body fat if overweight
CHD is facilitated by HTN which causes _____ and promotes ____ overtime
, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
arterial wall damage with plaque accumulation
lesions in major arteries caused by hypertension ultimately fill with cholesterol deposits and other debris called plaque
arteriosclerosis
arterial wall hardening
CHD results in a progressive reduction in blood supply to the heart due to
narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque
low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol accumulates at the sites of injury and can cause progressive blockage or an aneurism
high density lipoprotein
large lipoprotein that functions in reverse transport of cholesterol; its particles add a protective function against CHD
a ______ profile is associated with HD
poor blood lipid
blood lipid high-risk goals:
LDL
non HDL
apoB
LDL<100mg/dL
non HDL<130mg/dL
apoB<90mg/dL
apoB-protein involved in
lipid metabolism and main constituent of LDL as well as VLDL
blood lipid moderate-risk goals
same as high
blood lipid low risk goals
LDL
non HDL
apoB
LDL<130mg/dL
non HDL<160mg/dL
apoB not relevant
regular aerobic training at 60-80% VO2 max can greatly reduce the risk for CHD by (3):
reducing _______
improving ____
limiting_____
reducing body fat, blood pressure, systemic inflammation
improving blood lipid profile values
limit the risk for myocardial ischemia, blood clots, rhythm inflammation
what daily things can lower the risk for CHD
diet, lifestyle habits, stress reduction
blockages in ____ cause heart attacks
coronary arteries
blockages in ____ cause strokes
cerebral arteries
aerobic training and high volume anaerobic endurance reduces risk of atherosclerosis by (4)
- lowering BP, platelet adhesion and markers of low grade inflammation
- managing LDL and blood triglyceride concentrations
- increasing HDL production in the liver and improving characteristics
- help manage stress
chronic psychological stress promotes greater circulating _____ and ____ as well as excessive _______via adrenal hormonal mechanisms
cholesterol, triglycerides
platelet adhesion
___+___+___leads to atherosclerosis
stress, hypertension, systemic inflammation
lack of O2 supply in the heart muscle often due to coronary artery blockage; severe blockage can trigger heart attack
myocardial ischemia
routine aerobic exercise reduces risk of myocardial ischemia by (5)
- improve coronary blood flow and ventricular volume
- decrease cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening
- remodeling vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery
- reduce stress and consequent increases in blood pressure
- reducing the risk for dangerous heart arrhythmia and blood clots
thrombosis
blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism
a thrombotic event often starts with
disruption or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque
pulmonary embolism
life-threatening blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs which can cause respiratory arrest and sudden death
signs of pulmonary embolism
- unexplained sudden onset of shortness of breath
- chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or when you cough
- feeling light headed, dizzy, fainting
- coughing up blood
aerobic training reduces the risk for blood clots by
promoting greater arterial diameter and vasodilation
enhancing enzymatic activity that breaks down clots and decreases platelet adhesion
deep vein thrombosis can occur throughout the body but often the
legs
DVT has the potential to promote
postphlebitic syndrome
vein inflammation and consequent symptoms such as blood flow reduction, swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and/or sores
postphlebitic syndrome
DVT risk factors
bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, varicose veins, blood-clotting disorder, obesity, smoking, family history, older age
stroke
sudden regional brain death due to lack of O2
primary causes of stroke
vascular blockage, arterial rupture
ischemic strokes count for ___% of cases
80
ischemic stroke primarily caused by
atherosclerosis and an ensuing blood clot, common in smokers
hemorrhagic strokes are primarily caused by
hypertension
reducing the risk for stroke
aerobic exercise to lower BP, do not smoke, follow dietary habits that do not promote systemic inflammation (processed food)
ability of the arteries to expand and contract to accommodate changes n BP
vascular compliance
predominant underlying contributor for CVD
hypertension
normal BP
<120/<80
elevated BP
120-129/<80
hypertension stage 1
130-139/80-89
hypertension stage 2
140+/90+
hypertensive crisis
180+/120+
aerobic training 3-4 days/week for 30-60min at 60-70% VO2 max can reduce ___ directly
BP
aerobic training and reduce the risk for hypertension by
reducing resting and sub maximal exercise HR
reduce hormone activity that increases BP
improve arterial vasodilation and vessel compliance
create baroreceptor adjustments that help the body better manage pressure
health problems and complications related to hypertension
organ damage, congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke, aortic aneurysms and dissection, renal failure, retinopathy
atherosclerosis complications of hypertension
coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease
diuretics
act on the kidneys to prevent re-absorption of water
beta-blockers
reduce myocardial vigor by inhibiting the nerve impulse to the heart and blood vessels
angiostensin converting enzyme inhibitor cause blood vessels to relax by
preventing the formation of the hormone angiostensin II which causes constriction
angiostensin antagonists block angiostensin resulting in prevention of
vasoconstriction
calcium channel blockers
prevent calcium from entering the myocardium, reducing contraction
nervous system inhibitors relax blood vessels by
controlling nerve impulses
vasodilators
directly open the blood vessels by relaxing the muscle in vessel walls
Physical activity can reduce the risk for premature death from:
a. Heart disease
b. Stroke
c. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
d. All of the above
d
an individual with no known risk factor for cardiovascular disease is recommended to have LDL cholesterol measures no higher than
a. 100 mg/dL
b. 130 mg/dL
c. 160
d. 180
b
which of the following may potentially protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing dangerous lipid concentrations from the blood?
a. LDL-C
b. triglycerides
c. cytokines
d. HDL-C
d
regular aerobic training at 60-80% of VO2 max can reduce the risk for CHD via which of the following means
a. reductions in body fat and BP
b. improved blood lipid profile values
c. reducing the risk for blood clots
d. all of the above
d
which of the following is NOT a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis
a. pregnancy
b. overturning syndrome
c. smoking
d. prolonged bed rest
b
which of the following is considered stage 1 hypertension
a. 115/170
b. 130/80
c. 140/90
d. 150/100
b
____describes a process of progressive vascular damage which can result in plaque accumulation in major arteries
atherosclerosis
_____is a blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke or even pulmonary embolism
thrombosis
___ is the leading cause of health in the US, but regular physical activity dramatically reduces ones risk
HD
true or false: chronic psychological stress can promote greater circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease
true
true or false: a stroke is associated with sudden death of an area to the brain due to lack of oxygen, and primarily causes include blood clots, smoking and hypertension
true
true or false: it is estimated that about 10% of the US adult population is hypertensive
false
identify at least two potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise can reduce the risk for a heart attack
- improved coronary blood flow and ventricular volume
- decreased risk for cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening
- remodeling of vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery
- reduced stress
- reduced risk for dangerous heart arrhythmias and blood clots
what is the basic prescription for aerobic training to reduce hypertension?
___days/week for ___min at ___% VO2 max
3-4
30-60
60-70
identify at least 4 key factors shown to lower ones risk for heart disease in general
lower your blood pressure
lower your LDL cholesterol
consume a diet low in sat, refined sugars, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol
exercise regularly (at least 150 min/week)
avoid excess alcohol and do not smoke
ensure safe use of medications develop adequate stress management skills
lose weight/fat if overweight
