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CPT > impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease Flashcards

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1
Q

physical activity reduces the risk for premature mortality associated with (3)

A

all forms of cardiovascular disease
various types of cancer
metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes

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2
Q

how many deaths are due to physical inactivity

A

200,000

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3
Q

risk for all cause mortality is ___% higher with sedentary living and low cardiorespiratory fitness

A

> 200

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4
Q

greatest reduction in mortality risk occurs when

A

moving from low to moderate fitness levels

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5
Q

leading cause of death in the US

A

heart disease

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6
Q

factors shown to lower the risk for heart disease

A

a. lower blood pressure, cholesterol
b. consume a diet low in salt, refined sugar, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
c. consume diet rich in fiber via fruit, veggies, heart healthy fat
d. exercise regularly
e. avoid excessive intake of alcohol and do not smoke
f. safe use of medicine and OTC drugs
g. stress management
h. lose weight and body fat if overweight

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7
Q

CHD is facilitated by ____ which causes _____ and promotes ____ overtime

A

hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis

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8
Q

atherosclerosis

A

arterial wall damage with plaque accumulation
lesions in major arteries caused by hypertension ultimately fill with cholesterol deposits and other debris called plaque

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9
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

arterial wall hardening

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10
Q

CHD results in a progressive reduction in blood supply to the heart due to

A

narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque

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11
Q

low-density lipoprotein

A

cholesterol accumulates at the sites of injury and can cause progressive blockage or an aneurism

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12
Q

high density lipoprotein

A

large lipoprotein that functions in reverse transport of cholesterol; its particles add a protective function against CHD

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13
Q

a ______ profile is associated with HD

A

poor blood lipid

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14
Q

blood lipid high-risk goals

A

LDL<100mg/dL
non HDL<130mg/dL
apoB<90mg/dL

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15
Q

apoB-protein involved in

A

lipid metabolism and main constituent of LDL as well as VLDL

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16
Q

blood lipid moderate-risk goals

A

same as high

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17
Q

blood lipid low risk goals

A

LDL<130mg/dL
non HDL<160mg/dL
apoB not relevant

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18
Q

regular aerobic training at 60-80% VO2 max can greatly reduce the risk for CHD by (3)

A

reducing body fat, blood pressure, systemic inflammation
improving blood lipid profile values
limit the risk for myocardial ischemia, blood clots, rhythm inflammation

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19
Q

what daily things can lower the risk for CHD

A

diet, lifestyle habits, stress reduction

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20
Q

blockages in ____ cause heart attacks

A

coronary arteries

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21
Q

blockages in ____ cause strokes

A

cerebral arteries

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22
Q

aerobic training and high volume anaerobic endurance reduces risk of atherosclerosis by (4)

A
  1. lowering BP, platelet adhesion and markers of low grade inflammation
  2. managing LDL and blood triglyceride concentrations
  3. increasing HDL production in the liver and improving characteristics
  4. help manage stress
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23
Q

chronic psychological stress promotes greater circulating _____ and ____ as well as excessive ______ via ____hormonal mechanisms

A

cholesterol, triglycerides
platelet adhesion
adrenal

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24
Q

___+___+___leads to atherosclerosis

A

stress, hypertension, systemic inflammation

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25
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

lack of O2 supply in the heart muscle often due to coronary artery blockage; severe blockage can trigger heart attack

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26
Q

routine aerobic exercise reduces risk of myocardial ischemia by (5)

A
  1. improve coronary blood flow and ventricular volume
  2. decrease cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening
  3. remodeling vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery
  4. reduce stress and consequent increases in blood pressure
  5. reducing the risk for dangerous heart arrhythmia and blood clots
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27
Q

thrombosis

A

blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism

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28
Q

a thrombotic event often starts with

A

disruption or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque

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29
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

life-threatening blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs which can cause respiratory arrest and sudden death

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30
Q

signs of pulmonary embolism

A
  • unexplained sudden onset of shortness of breath
  • chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or when you cough
  • feeling light headed, dizzy, fainting
  • coughing up blood
31
Q

aerobic training reduces the risk for blood clots by

A

promoting greater arterial diameter and vasodilation
enhancing enzymatic activity that breaks down clots and decreases platelet adhesion

32
Q

deep vein thrombosis can occur throughout the body but often the

A

legs

33
Q

DVT has the potential to promote

A

postphlebitic syndrome

34
Q

postphlebitic syndrome

A

vein inflammation and consequent symptoms such as blood flow reduction, swelling, pain, skin discoloration, and/or sores

35
Q

DVT risk factors

A

bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, varicose veins, blood-clotting disorder, obesity, smoking, family history, older age

36
Q

stroke

A

sudden regional brain death due to lack of O2

37
Q

primary causes of stroke

A

vascular blockage, arterial rupture

38
Q

ischemic strokes count for ___% of cases

A

80

39
Q

ischemic stroke primarily caused by

A

atherosclerosis and an ensuing blood clot, common in smokers

40
Q

hemorrhagic strokes are primarily caused by

A

hypertension

41
Q

reducing the risk for stroke

A

aerobic exercise to lower BP, do not smoke, follow dietary habits that do not promote systemic inflammation (processed food)

42
Q

ability of the arteries to expand and contract to accommodate changes n BP

A

vascular compliance

43
Q

predominant underlying contributor for CVD

A

hypertension

44
Q

normal BP

A

<120/<80

45
Q

elevated BP

A

120-129/<80

46
Q

hypertension stage 1

A

130-139/80-89

47
Q

hypertension stage 2

A

140+/90+

48
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

180+/120+

49
Q

aerobic training 3-4 days/week for 30-60min at 60-70% VO2 max can reduce ___ directly

A

BP

50
Q

aerobic training and reduce the risk for hypertension by

A

reducing resting and sub maximal exercise HR
reduce hormone activity that increases BP
improve arterial vasodilation and vessel compliance
create baroreceptor adjustments that help the body better manage pressure

51
Q

health problems and complications related to hypertension

A

organ damage, congestive heart failure, hemorrhagic stroke, aortic aneurysms and dissection, renal failure, retinopathy

52
Q

atherosclerosis complications of hypertension

A

coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease

53
Q

diuretics

A

act on the kidneys to prevent re-absorption of water

54
Q

beta-blockers

A

reduce myocardial vigor by inhibiting the nerve impulse to the heart and blood vessels

55
Q

angiostensin converting enzyme inhibitor

A

cause blood vessels to relax by preventing the formation of the hormone angiostensin II which causes constriction

56
Q

angiostensin antagonists

A

block angiostensin II, resulting in the prevention of vasoconstriction

57
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

prevent calcium from entering the myocardium, reducing contraction

58
Q

nervous system inhibitors

A

relax blood vessels by controlling nerve impulses

59
Q

vasodilators

A

directly open the blood vessels by relaxing the muscle in vessel walls

60
Q

Physical activity can reduce the risk for premature death from:
a. Heart disease
b. Stroke
c. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
d. All of the above

A

d

61
Q

an individual with no known risk factor for cardiovascular disease is recommended to have LDL cholesterol measures no higher than
a. 100 mg/dL
b. 130 mg/dL
c. 160
d. 180

A

b

62
Q

which of the following may potentially protect against cardiovascular disease by reducing dangerous lipid concentrations from the blood?
a. LDL-C
b. triglycerides
c. cytokines
d. HDL-C

A

d

63
Q

regular aerobic training at 60-80% of VO2 max can reduce the risk for CHD via which of the following means
a. reductions in body fat and BP
b. improved blood lipid profile values
c. reducing the risk for blood clots
d. all of the above

A

d

64
Q

which of the following is NOT a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis
a. pregnancy
b. overturning syndrome
c. smoking
d. prolonged bed rest

A

b

65
Q

which of the following is considered stage 1 hypertension
a. 115/170
b. 130/80
c. 140/90
d. 150/100

A

b

66
Q

____describes a process of progressive vascular damage which can result in plaque accumulation in major arteries

A

atherosclerosis

67
Q

_____is a blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke or even pulmonary embolism

A

thrombosis

68
Q

___ is the leading cause of health in the US, but regular physical activity dramatically reduces ones risk

A

HD

69
Q

true or false: chronic psychological stress can promote greater circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thereby increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease

A

true

70
Q

true or false: a stroke is associated with sudden death of an area to the brain due to lack of oxygen, and primarily causes include blood clots, smoking and hypertension

A

true

71
Q

true or false: it is estimated that about 10% of the US adult population is hypertensive

A

false

72
Q

identify at least two potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise can reduce the risk for a heart attack

A
  • improved coronary blood flow and ventricular volume
  • decreased risk for cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening
  • remodeling of vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery
  • reduced stress
  • reduced risk for dangerous heart arrhythmias and blood clots
73
Q

what is the basic prescription for aerobic training to reduce hypertension?
___days/week for ___min at ___% VO2 max

A

3-4
30-60
60-70

74
Q

identify at least 4 key factors shown to lower ones risk for heart disease in general

A

lower your blood pressure
lower your LDL cholesterol
consume a diet low in sat, refined sugars, total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol
exercise regularly (at least 150 min/week)
avoid excess alcohol and do not smoke
ensure safe use of medications develop adequate stress management skills
lose weight/fat if overweight

CPT (25 decks)

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