impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease Flashcards
physical activity reduces the risk for premature mortality associated with (3)
all forms of cardiovascular disease
various types of cancer
metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes
how many deaths are due to physical inactivity
200,000
risk for all cause mortality is ___% higher with sedentary living and low cardiorespiratory fitness
> 200
greatest reduction in mortality risk occurs when
moving from low to moderate fitness levels
leading cause of death in the US
heart disease
factors shown to lower the risk for heart disease
a. lower blood pressure, cholesterol
b. consume a diet low in salt, refined sugar, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
c. consume diet rich in fiber via fruit, veggies, heart healthy fat
d. exercise regularly
e. avoid excessive intake of alcohol and do not smoke
f. safe use of medicine and OTC drugs
g. stress management
h. lose weight and body fat if overweight
CHD is facilitated by ____ which causes _____ and promotes ____ overtime
hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
arterial wall damage with plaque accumulation
lesions in major arteries caused by hypertension ultimately fill with cholesterol deposits and other debris called plaque
arteriosclerosis
arterial wall hardening
CHD results in a progressive reduction in blood supply to the heart due to
narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque
low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol accumulates at the sites of injury and can cause progressive blockage or an aneurism
high density lipoprotein
large lipoprotein that functions in reverse transport of cholesterol; its particles add a protective function against CHD
a ______ profile is associated with HD
poor blood lipid
blood lipid high-risk goals
LDL<100mg/dL
non HDL<130mg/dL
apoB<90mg/dL
apoB-protein involved in
lipid metabolism and main constituent of LDL as well as VLDL
blood lipid moderate-risk goals
same as high
blood lipid low risk goals
LDL<130mg/dL
non HDL<160mg/dL
apoB not relevant
regular aerobic training at 60-80% VO2 max can greatly reduce the risk for CHD by (3)
reducing body fat, blood pressure, systemic inflammation
improving blood lipid profile values
limit the risk for myocardial ischemia, blood clots, rhythm inflammation
what daily things can lower the risk for CHD
diet, lifestyle habits, stress reduction
blockages in ____ cause heart attacks
coronary arteries
blockages in ____ cause strokes
cerebral arteries
aerobic training and high volume anaerobic endurance reduces risk of atherosclerosis by (4)
- lowering BP, platelet adhesion and markers of low grade inflammation
- managing LDL and blood triglyceride concentrations
- increasing HDL production in the liver and improving characteristics
- help manage stress
chronic psychological stress promotes greater circulating _____ and ____ as well as excessive ______ via ____hormonal mechanisms
cholesterol, triglycerides
platelet adhesion
adrenal
___+___+___leads to atherosclerosis
stress, hypertension, systemic inflammation
myocardial ischemia
lack of O2 supply in the heart muscle often due to coronary artery blockage; severe blockage can trigger heart attack
routine aerobic exercise reduces risk of myocardial ischemia by (5)
- improve coronary blood flow and ventricular volume
- decrease cardiac fibrosis which prevents blood vessel wall hardening
- remodeling vascular structures to augment oxygen delivery
- reduce stress and consequent increases in blood pressure
- reducing the risk for dangerous heart arrhythmia and blood clots
thrombosis
blood clot capable of causing a heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism
a thrombotic event often starts with
disruption or rupture of atherosclerotic plaque
pulmonary embolism
life-threatening blood clot that occurs in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs which can cause respiratory arrest and sudden death