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endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system impacts

A

reproduction, growth, tissue maintenance/repair and energy metabolism

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2
Q

major endocrine system organs

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovary, placenta, testes

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3
Q

two organs that have functions outside of endocrine system

A

hypothalamus, pancreas

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates autonomic NS, governs endocrine system via pituitary gland

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5
Q

the hypothalamus directs maintenance activities for homeostasis including

A

hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep, emotional response

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6
Q

pancreas

A

secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine for macronutrient break down

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7
Q

pancreas produces

A

insulin, glucagon

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8
Q

the endocrine system also regulates physiological actions that manage

A

eustress and distress

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9
Q

eustress

A

positive, desirable form of stress that

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10
Q

eustress source examples

A

exercise, working toward obtainable goal

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11
Q

distress

A

negative form of stress

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12
Q

distress source examples

A

excessive stress or forms which fail to improve well-being; anxiety, lack of sleep

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13
Q

eustress: ____ hormones

A

anabolic

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14
Q

distress: ____ hormones

A

catabolic

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15
Q

anabolic hormones increase (5)

A

neural efficiency
vascular compliance
O2 extraction
cardiac function
musculoskeletal integrity and function

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16
Q

catabolic hormones increase (5)

A

platelet adhesion
cortisol production
LDL and triglycerides
susceptibility to low grade inflammation
loss of protein-sparing mehanisms

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17
Q

hormones are released by ______ to direct the actions of other tissues via _____

A

endocrine glands, chemical messages

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18
Q

hormones fall into two categories

A

steroid, polypeptide

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19
Q

steroid hormones

A

cholesterol based compounds

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20
Q

steroid hormone functions

A

sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammation regulation and metabolism

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21
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, estrogen, testosterone

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22
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

chains of amino acids synthesized with endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells to activate secondary messenger systems

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23
Q

examples of polypeptide hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

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24
Q

hormones travel through ____ and are picked up by _____

A

blood, receptor cells on target tissues

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25
Q

the pituitary gland regulates ____ hormones

A

anabolic

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26
Q

example of anabolic hormone regulated by pituitary

A

growth hormone

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27
Q

anabolic hormone

A

stimulating protein synthesis and tissue growth

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28
Q

growth hormone

A

cell division and proliferation by facilitating protein synthesis

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29
Q

growth hormone protects ___ and limits _____ by mobilizing lipids for fuel during exercise and plays a role in recovery

A

glycogen, carbohydrate metabolism

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30
Q

heavy weightlifting and other forms of intense exercise ____ the release of growth hormones which functions as a stimulator of _______ activity and release from the liver

A

expedites, insulin-like growth factor-1

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31
Q

insulin-like growth factor-1

A

central signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle growth following resistance training

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32
Q

gonadal hormones

A

testosterone and estrogen

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33
Q

gonadal hormones are released from reproductive organs to help

A

regulate sex-specific characteristics and various protective elements

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34
Q

testosterone

A

anabolic hormone produced in men and women that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (facial hair) and acts on gene expression for protein synthesis

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35
Q

men possess ____x the quantity of testosterone than women

A

10

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36
Q

estrogen

A

steroid hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female secondary characteristics (breast tissue) and is integral to bone maintenance in men and women

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37
Q

men convert ____ into a form of estrogen (____)

A

testosterone, estradiol

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38
Q

men normal levels of testosterone

A

270-1010 ng/dL

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39
Q

women normal levels of testosterone

A

15-70 ng/dL

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40
Q

children normal levels of testosterone

A

2-20 ng/dL

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41
Q

carbs are metabolized into ____ to maintain blood sugar levels

A

glucose

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42
Q

_____ hormones regulate blood sugar levels to limit _____ and ____

A

pancreatic
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia

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43
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose levels

44
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar levels

45
Q

with hypoglycemia, metabolic demands of the ___ and ___ cannot be met

A

brain, CNS

46
Q

the pancreas has two main functions

A

the production of digestive enzymes to break down fat, carbs, proteins for absorption via the lining of the small intestine
regulation of blood sugar levels

47
Q

glucagon

A

regulate blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to release free glucose into circulation to increase levels

48
Q

insulin

A

regulates blood glucose control and tissue growth, allows blood to be pulled from bloodstream into tissues based on need

49
Q

insulin dysfunction is associated with

A

insulin resistance, diabetes

50
Q

thyroid manages

A

metabolism via hormones T3 and T4

51
Q

thyroid

A

gland, primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body

52
Q

thyroid function is important for

A

child development, lean mass maintenance

53
Q

individuals suffering from “slow metabolism” may be actually experiencing

A

hypothyroidism

54
Q

hypothyroidism

A

abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental development

55
Q

the adrenal glands are located

A

above the kidneys

56
Q

the adrenal glands release hormones from

A

adrenal cortex and medulla

57
Q

adrenal gland hormones relegate

A

stress, exercise

58
Q

major adrenal hormones

A

cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine

59
Q

cortisol

A

regulates metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage BP

60
Q

cortisol is released in response to

A

exercise stress and low blood glucose concentration

61
Q

chronic elevation in cortisol is associated with

A

overtraining

62
Q

epinephrine

A

conditions of stress to increase blood circulation, ventilation, carb metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion

63
Q

norepinephrine

A

increase BP and blood glucose, affinity for different tissue receptors than epinephrine but facilitates similar response

64
Q

catecholamines

A

potent neurotransmitters that help the body respond to stress or elicit fight or flight response

65
Q

examples of catecholamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

66
Q

mineralocorticoid (2)

A

aldosterone, corticosterone

67
Q

glucocorticoids (2)

A

cortisol, cortisone

68
Q

androgens (2)

A

estrogen, testosterone

69
Q

catecholamines (2)

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

70
Q

peptides (2)

A

somatostatin, substance P

71
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

72
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

catecholamines, peptides

73
Q

fight or flight response

A

acute increase in adrenal hormone activity which expedites enhancements in cardiac output, blood flow, and energy metabolism to rapidly deal with perceived stress/threat

74
Q

the adrenals are very important to managing

A

exercise-based stress responses

75
Q

anterior pituitary hormone, action

A

growth hormone; stimulate IGF, protein synthesis, growth, metabolism

76
Q

thyroid hormone, action

A

thyroxine; stimulate metabolic rate, regulate cell growth and activity

77
Q

adrenal cortex hormones (2) and actions

A

cortisol, aldosterone;
promote use of fatty acids and protein catabolism, conserve sugar, maintain blood glucose level; promote sodium, postasium metabolism and water retention

78
Q

adrenal medulla hormones (2) and actions

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine;
increase cardiac output, increase glycogen catabolism and fatty acid release
has properties of epinephrine and constricts blood vessels

79
Q

pancreas hormones (2) and actions

A

insulin, glucagon;
promote glucose uptake by the cell, stores glycogen, aids in protein synthesis
releases sugar from the liver into circulation

80
Q

liver hormone, action

A

insulin-like growth factors
increase protein synthesis

81
Q

ovaries hormone, action

A

estrogen
stimulate bone remodeling activity, female sex hormone

82
Q

testes hormone, action

A

testosterone
stimulate growth, increase protein anabolism, reduce body fat, male sex hormone

83
Q

resistance training (increases or decreases):
1. growth hormone
2. thyroxine and triodothyronine
3. insulin
4. IGF
5. cortisol
6. epinephrine
7. testosterone

A

increase
increase
decrease
increase
increase in heavy exercise
increase in heavy exercise
increase

84
Q

high intensity training (above lactate threshold) ____ GH release

A

increases

85
Q

testosterone is ____ during high-intensity aerobic activities

A

suppressed

86
Q

insulin sensitivity is ____ and glucagon levels ____with prolonged exercise

A

heightened, increase

87
Q

catecholamines ____ during steady state work

A

remain stable

88
Q

cortisol activity ____ with prolonged duration

A

increases

89
Q

aerobic work ___ GH-IGF pathways for hypertrophy as seen during weightlifting

A

does not stimulate

90
Q

resistance training and endurance training at high intensities promotes the release of

A

various anabolic/adrenal hormones

91
Q

long-duration, lower-intensity aerobic training suppresses ____ hormones while increasing potentially _____ hormones to supply energy

A

anabolic, catabolic stress

92
Q

insulin sensitivity and consequence glucose management can be improved with

A

both forms of exercise

93
Q

_____ training should be the staple of pre-diabetic programs

A

resistance

94
Q

Which of the following directs functions such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation and sleep?
a. Ovaries
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Hypothalamus

A

d

95
Q

The __________ secretes digestive enzymes and also produces hormones for blood glucose management.
a. Gallbladder
b. Testes
c. Adrenal glands
d. Pancreas

A

d

96
Q

Which of the following is released from the liver and considered to be a primary signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy?
a. Thyroxine
b. Insulin-like growth factor-1
c. Estrogen
d. Testosterone

A

b

97
Q

Which of the following has the greatest impact on one’s rate of metabolism?
a. Pineal gland
b. Adrenal gland
c. Thyroid gland
d. Pituitary gland

A

c

98
Q

true or false: cortisol levels are reduced with regular bouts of long-duration endurance training

A

false

99
Q

true or false: males and females produce estrogen for the promotion and maintenance of bone tissue

A

true

100
Q

true or false: GH promotes anabolic activity, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate sparing in response to stressful exercise

A

true

101
Q

___ functions to help regulate blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

A

glucagon

102
Q

___ is suppressed during high-intensity aerobic activity but increased with resistance training

A

testosterone

103
Q

identity the primary functions for each of the following adrenal hormones
a. cortisol
b. epinephrine

A

a. regulate numerous metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage BP; released in response to exercise stress and low blood glucose concentrations to liberate energy
b. increases blood circulation, ventilation and carb metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion in response to perceived stress

104
Q

identify at least two physiological impacts of eustress caused by hormonal responses

A

improved neural efficiency
vascular function
oxygen extraction
cardiac function
musculoskeletal function

105
Q

identify at least two physiological impacts of distress caused by hormonal responses

A

increased platelet adhesion
cortisol production
blood LDL and triglyceride levels and susceptibility to low-grade inflammation
loos of protein-sparing metabolism

106
Q

identify at least 5 organs or glands included in the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
liver
pancreas
ovaries
testes
adrenal glands
placenta (during pregnancy)

CPT (25 decks)

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