impact of physical activity on obesity, diabetes and cancer Flashcards
_____behaviors are the primary contributors to obesity
self-selected
self sleeted behaviors that lead to obesity
poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol, poor sleep, unmanaged stress
high sugar/processed carbohydrates consumption causes
hyperglycemia and consequent hyperinsulinemia
when excess insulin is present it
promotes sugar conversion in the liver and blocks lipid oxidation leading to weight gain over time
fit-healthy body fat for males
<20%
fit-healthy body fat for females
<26%
stage 1 obesity in males
> 25%
stage 1 obesity in females
> 32%
stage 1 obesity in old age
> 38%
stage 2 obesity males
> 30%
stage 2 obesity females
> 40%
stage 3 obesity males
> 35%
stage 4 obesity females
> 45
high risk obesity waist circumference males
> 40in waist
high risk obesity waist circumference females
> 35 in waist
high risk obesity BMI
> 30
morbid obesity BMI
> 35
4 things obesity is associated with
mental health issues, reduced quality of life and physical function, increased risk for sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, increased risk for all-cause death
high visceral fat promotes
low grade systemic inflammation which leads to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, atherosclerosis, hormonal/metabolic dysfunction
hormones that regulate hunger
leptin
hormones that communicate energy needs
adipokines
______ can cause hunger without the need for calories and additional eating
dysfunction of hormones that regulate hunger and communicate energy needs
visceral fat
fat that surrounds the internal organs in the abdominal region
hyperinsulinemia
excess levels of circulating insulin
hyperinsulinemia indicates
progressive insulin resistance as a precursor to diabetes
hyperinsulinemia increases
fat storage
combination of aerobic/anaerobic exercise can positively impact obesity via
improved insulin sensitivity, heightened caloric expenditure for body fat losses
potential mediation of systemic inflammation and hormone disfunction
is physical activity enough for obesity
no
diabetes mellitus
chronic disease involving an inability to. properly manage blood glucose
type one diabetes mellitus
autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic atrophy and dysfunction due to compromised beta cells which results in an inability to produce insulin; hereditary usually in early life
type 2 diabetes mellitus
progressive insulin insensitivity due to hyperinsulinemia, a reduction of insulin production, or both; caused by poor diet, obesity and sedentary lifestyle
gestational diabetes mellitus
glucose intolerance during pregnancy caused by metabolic disruption due to weight gain and hormonal changes that counteract function of insulin
pre diabetes:
fasting plasma glucose level:
test used:
100-125
impaired fasting glycemia
prediabetes:
2 hour plasma glucose level:
test used:
140-199
impaired glucose test
pre diabetes:
hemoglobin A1c test level:
5.7-6.4%
diabetes:
fasting plasma glucose level:
> 126 on two separate occasions
diabetes:
2 hour plasma glucose level:
during which test:
> 200
oral glucose tolerance test
diabetes:
hemoglobin A1c test level:
> 6.5%
diabetes:
classic diabetes symptoms + random plasma glucose level
> 200
the hemoglobin A1c test indicates
average level of blood sugar over the past 2-3 months
diabetes greatly increases the risk for
cardiovascular disease, premature mortality
when circulating glucose is unmanaged and remains elevated damages
blood vessels
5 diabetes risk factors
family history, obesity, poor diet, gestational diabetes, physical inactivity
common complications from diabetes
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease
retinopathy
small blood vessel disease of the eyes that can result in impaired vision or blindness
what exercises should be avoided with retinopathy
jumping and comprehensive exercises, as well as those that jar the head to lower it below the waist should be avoided
nephropathy
small blood vessel disease of the kidneys
what exercises should be avoided with nephropathy
heavy weightlifting, holding ones breath; proper hydration is crucial
neuropathy
impacts peripheral nerve tissue which results in weakness, numbness, and or pain
what exercise should be avoided with neuropathy
repetitive impact to the hands or feet, proper footwear should be worn
both aerobic and resistance training help improve T2DM via
improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced blood glucose tolerance, reduced body fat, improved overall metabolic efficiency
second leading cause of death in the US
cancer
90-95% of cancers are estimated to be related to
lifestyle and environment
cancer
abnormal growth of cells that multiply immeasurably, periodically spreading to other tissues
correlating factors of cancer include
smoking, alcohol, diet, environment, radiation, sun exposure, stress, physical inactivity, sexually transmitted disease, obesity
there is a strong link between physical activity and a decreased risk of these 3 cancers
postmenopausal breast, colorectal, endometrial
there is a strong link between body fatness and an increased risk of these 7 cancers
gallbladder, kidney, colorectal, esophageal, postmenopausal breast, pancreatic, endometrial
___% cancer deaths related to tobacco
20-25
___% cancer deaths related to diet
30-35
___% cancer deaths related to infections
15-20
___% cancer deaths related to physical inactivity, radiation, stress, environment
15-30
appropriate aerobic and anaerobic exercise for those with cancer can improve
quality of life, chronic fatigue, support immune/metabolic function
exercise can positively impact obese individuals through
a. Reduced water retention
b. Increased insulin insensitivity
c. Mediation of systemic inflammation
d. All of the above
c
obesity is associated with which of the following issues
a. sleep apnea
b. increased risk for premature death
c. metabolic syndrome
d. all of the above
d
Obesity is known to increase the risk for which of the following types of cancer?
a. Lung
b. Brain
c. Skin
d. Breast
d
diabetes is diagnosed with a fasting blood glucose level of
a. >100
b. >115
c. >126
d. >140
c
Diabetics are at a higher risk for which of the following?
a. Blindness
b. Heart disease
c. Kidney failure
d. All of the above
d
Which of the following activities would present the greatest risk for a diabetic client suffering from retinopathy or nephropathy?
a. Leg press at 80% 1RM
b. Bicep curls at 70% 1RM
c. 200m intervals in a pool
d. Steady-state cycling at 65% of VO2max
a
____ is associated with insulin insensitivity and is often caused by a combination of poor dietary behaviors, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.
type 2 diabetes
High ____ fat storage can promote low-grade, systemic inflammation which leads to insulin resistance and hormonal dysfunction.
visceral
If working with a client who suffers from diabetic___, exercises which cause repetitive impact to the hands and feet should be avoided.
neuropathy
True or False? Obesity increases one’s risk for heart disease
true
True or False? Stage 1 obesity is classified as ≥30% body fat for adult males and ≥35% body fat for adult females
false
True or False? An estimated 90-95% of cancer cases are related to lifestyle and environmental factors.
true
Identify at least three lifestyle behaviors potentially associated with obesity
ppor diet
sedentary behavior
excessive alcohol
poor sleeping
unmanaged stress
identify at least three risk factors for diabetes
family history
obesity
poor diet
pregnancy
physical inactivity
identify at least three lifestyle or environmental factors potentially associated with cancer
smoking
alcohol
diet (processed/fried food, red meat)
environmental pollutants
radiation
sun exposure
stress
physical inactivity
STD
obesity
