muscular units and postural distortions Flashcards
the boys ability to transfer force depends upon (3)
the neural proficiency of muscle activation
the health and efficiency of associated nones, joints, ligaments
the added support of associated muscles and fascia
if the trunk lacks stability, force transfer during ___,____,____,____ actions will be greatly reduced
throwing, running, kicking, jumping
trunk efficiency is especially critical for
energy transfer from lower to upper and upper to lower segments
the body relies on 2 muscle systems
inner and outer unit
inner unit
local stabilizers that support the spine/pelvis
global stabilizers that work reactively to control body segments and provide functional force closure
myofascial sling systems; outer units
collective group of local spinal and pelvic stabilizers
inner unit
inner unit includes which muscles
transverse abdominis, diaphragm, posterior internal oblique, pelvic floor, mutlifidus
global systems that function to stabilize the spine/pelvis during movement involving the extremities
outer units
outer units work with the inner unit to
transfer force to hands/feet across the trunk
transverse abdominis helps maintain
proper intra-abdominal pressure to manage flexion/extension of the spine
transverse abdominis enhances
rigidity of the thoracolumbar fascia to improve bracing of limbo-pelvic region
delayed firing of transverse abdominis is associated with
poor core stability and low back pain
multifidus contracts with the TVA to prevent
undesirable changes in spinal segment positioning
created between the TVA and miltifidi which connect moving segments of the vertebrae
hoop tension
diaphragm serves as
respiratory muscle and local stabilizer via top-down support
pelvic floor stabilizes
front and back by acting on the pelvis
pelvic floor anchors pelvic girdle in response to
bracing and loading
cooperative units of muscle and fascia designed t manage close-chain actions by producing
slings of force that transfer loads across body segments
posterior oblique sling system includes the (3)
lats, glute max, thoracolumbar fascia
posterior oblique sling system integrates with central stabilizers to form _____ between lumbar spine and pelvic girdle
a structural force transfer bridge
issues with the posterior oblique sling system can impact forces that contribute to
speed, strength, power
anterior oblique sling system complimentarily opposes the _____ via the combined function of ____, ___ and ___
posterior oblique system
obliques, adductors, abdominal fascia
anterior oblique sling system creates _____ for the anterior sling and is integral to _____ plane locomotion
cross-stabilization; sagittal
deep longitudinal sling system includes the ___ and ____, ____, and _____ ligament connecting with the _____; extends to the _____
erector spinar, thoracolumbar fascia
multifidus
sacrotiberous
hamstrings
lower extremities
deep longitudinal sling system connects multiple joint segments for
efficient sprinting mechanics due to combined extension of the hip and knee
lateral sling system includes the ____,____,____ to provide ___ plane stability and aid in _____ bipedal and climbing motions
hip abductors, quadratus lumborum, thigh adductors
frontal
vertical/horizontal
lateral sling system stabilizes
hip loading for actions such as climbing a ladder and stepping up stairs
individuals with postural or muscular imbalances experience impaired
joint function and coordination between inner and outer unit
genetic predisposition can increase the risk for postural distortions, but problems usually develop over time due to ____ or ______
inactivity
chronically repeated actions/postures
many issues arise as changes in joint position case changes in biomechanics: muscles become imbalances and ____ may occur within functional units
reciprocal inhibition
example of reciprocal inhibition
inhibition of the abdominals and glutes due to excessively tight hip flexors
neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns to reduce resistance during opposing joint actions
reciprocal inhibition
reciprocal inhibition allows
fluid movement and activation patterns
common causes of chronic postural distortions and/or muscular imbalances
poor posutre
sedentary behavior
repetitive training actions
poorly-devised exercise programs
incorrect instruction or technique
injury-related movement compensations
common postural distortions include (7)
forward head posture or rounded shoulders
winged scapulae
upper cross syndrome
kyphosis of the thoracic
lordosis of the lumbar and lower cross syndrome
undesirable fixed pelvic tilt
LE distortions
winged scapulae
lifted and outwardly-rotated scapular positions
protrude away from ribcage
winged scapulae causes
shoulder complex dysfunction and potential pain
upper cross syndrome
upper body postural distortion that presents as forward head, raised, internally-rotated or rounded/forward shoulders with an exaggerated thoracic curvature
upper cross syndrome contributes to
upper back pain, shoulder dysfunction and training limitations for UE
kyphosis
excessive curvature of thoracic, bowed/rounded back
kyphosis contributes to
upper back pain, significant decline in shoulder mobility
lordosis
excessive concavity or inward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis usually presents as part of the
lower cross syndrome
lordosis contributes to
lower back pain, hip dysfunction
lower cross syndrome: lower body distortion characterized by _______ due to severe muscular imbalance in the _____ region
an undesirable anterior tilt of the pelvis with lordosis; lumbo-pelvic
lower cross syndrome contributes to
significant core instability, lower body training limitations, lower back pain
a ____ can be used to observe static variations in anatomical positions caused by postural distortions
plumb line
a plumb line should go through the following locations, top to bottoms (6)
earhole
AC joint
central vertebral bodies
greater trochanter of the hips
slightly anterior to midline knee
anterior portion of lateral malleolus through calcaneocuboid joint
each client should be evaluated for issues in both ___ and ___ postures
static, dynamic
postural and phasic muscles are often too
tight, overactive or weak, underachieve
overactivity: postural muscles tend to become_____, _____ muscles weaken
immobile, phasic
postural muscles at risk for distortion
upper trap, levator scap, spinal extensor, hip flexor
phasic muscles at risk for distortion
lower/mid trap, abdominals, gluteals, vastus medialis
postural distortions are categorized into clinically-diagnosed musculoskeletal problems including (3)
upper body/extremity distortions
lumbo-pelvic-hip distortions
lower/distal-extremity distortions
upper body/extremity distortions
forward chin, hypnotic exaggeration, upper cross syndrome, dowagers hump
lumbo-pelvic-hip distortions
lower cross syndrome, fixed pelvic tilting
lower/distal-extremity distortions
knee rotation and ankle pronation/supination issues
upper body segments commonly migrate
forward
common issues in upper body segments include
shoulder joint dysfunction, winged scapulae, impingement syndrome and kinetic chain disturbances
forward chin: ____ and ____ become overactive while _____ become underactive
upper trap and levator scap, reciprocating muscles of the scapula
progression into rounded shoulders/kyphosis: _____ become less active, ____ becomes overactive, ______ activate improperly
mid/lower traps, serratus anterior, rhomboids/pec
upper cross syndrome:
- shoulders ____
- lats, teres major, subs cap and pec become ____, ____ and ____
- infraspinatus, teres minor, rhomboids and mid/low traps become ____ and ____
- postural joint capsules ___, limiting ability of glenohumeral heads to migrate _____
pulled forward
shortened, strong and overactive
lengthened and weak
posteriorly
distortions at the limbo-pelvic regions can occur in the ____ and ___ planes
sagittal, frontal
lower cross syndrome:
- reciprocal weakness and tightness of the musculature attached to _____
- commonly caused by _____, _____ which shorten the hip flexors, and imbalanced, bilateral lower body training using an _____
- characterized by undesirable _____, ______, _____
- chronic anterior pelvic shift shuts off the ____ muscles as the ___ and ____ manage central stability
- exaggerated ____- glutes, abdominals, spinal stabilizers are _____; calves, hip adductors, hamstrings, erector spinae, rectus femoris and hip flexors are ____
pelvic girdle
poor posture, sedentary behavior; arched back
pelvic tilting, core instability, lower back pain
core muscles, hip flexors and low back
lordosis, underactive, overactive
fixed lateral pelvic tilting presents as
hip elevation (hiking up) on one side of the pelvis while the opposing side is depressed
fixed lateral pelvic tilting:
increased hip ____ on raised side
increased hip ____ on lowered side
adduction
abduction
fixed lateral pelvic tilting creates problems with
locomotion, leg length disparities, frontal plane stability, combined knee and hip flexion, and hip or mid back pain
fixed lateral pelvic tilting: primary overactive problem areas
QL, psoas, adductors on elevated side
abductors on depressed side
fixed lateral pelvic tilting can be caused by
single-side dominant postures, lower limb injuries or performing repeated actions in the same plane
tibial-femoral dysfunction
distortions at knee and ankle joints
common tibial-femoral dysfunctions
ankle over pronation or supinati9on
varus knees
valgus knees
combination
varus knees
bow legged, external rotation at hip
valgus knees
knees in, heels inward, toes out; internal rotation at hip
biomechanics adjustments in the hip changes
pelvic-femoral positioning which distorts the LE
feet are pronated and the knees move in: overactive ____, ____ and ___ with weak ____ and ____ insufficiency
vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, adductors
gluteals, vastus medialis
feet turn out and heels rotate in:
overactive ____ and ____ with underactive _____
calves, hamstrings
adductors
common injuries associated with knee/ankle distortions
plantar fasciitis, shin splints, IT band syndrome, jumpers knee
forward chin training issues
vertical transfer from pulls, overhead pressing limitations, difficulty in receive positions of cleans and snatches and compromised core stability during front squats
kyphotic exaggeration training issues
inability to perform overhead lifts, receives, proper bilateral row positions; spinal position during pulls and squats
limbo-pelvic-hip postural distortion training issues- lower cross
compromise to bilateral hip and knee flexion (squats) inability to access core musculature, inhibition to glute-driven hip extension and knee position during heavy loading
limbo-pelvic-hip postural distortion training issues- fixed lateral pelvic tilt
all squatting, compensatory dominance in leg exercises and ballistic hip extension, spinal stabilization
distal extremity postural distortion training issues
improper activation during squats, compromised pull position, difficulty with single-leg balance
The body’s ability to transfer force depends on:
a. Neural efficiency
b. Postural support by muscles and fascia
c. Anatomical positioning of bones
d. All of the above
d
Which of the following muscles of the inner unit directly connects to segments of the spine to thwart undesirable movements of the spine?
a. Diaphragm
b. Pelvic floor
c. Transverse abdominis
d. Multifidus
d
Which sling system helps for actions such as stepping up a ladder or stairs?
a. Longitudinal
b. Lateral
c. Anterior oblique
d. Posterior oblique
b
Which of the following muscles becomes tight during upper cross syndrome?
a. The rhomboids
b. Pectorals
c. Lower trapezius
d. Rectus abdominis
b
Which of the following postural distortions is directly associated with exaggerated lumbar lordosis with tightness in the hip flexors and lower back?
a. Lateral pelvic tilting
b. Dowager’s hump
c. Lower cross syndrome
d. Valgus knees with ankle over-supination
c
Which of the following is not associated with lower/distal extremity postural distortions?
a. Plantar fasciitis
b. Shin splints
c. Issues with single-leg balance exercises
d. Posterior shoulder capsule tightness
d
true or false: the outer unit, or sling systems, are compromised of cooperative units of muscle and fascia that help maintain primal movements and transfer force across the body
true
true or false: the anterior oblique sling system functions to stabilize the spine during jumping actions
false
a ___ can be used to observe static variations in posture caused by distortions or muscle imbalance
plumb line
____ refers to the neuromuscular regulation of agonist-antagonist contraction patterns that reduce resistance during opposing joint actions
reciprocal inhibition
identify the four components of the inner unit (core muscles)
transverse abdominis
diaphragm
multifidus
pelvic floor
identify two muscle groups that become tight and overactive during lower cross syndrome
hip flexors
erector spinae
identity two phasic muscles (force transfer facilitators) at risk for postural distortions
lower/mid trap
abdominals
gluteals
quadriceps
identify at least two examples of upper body postural distortions
forward chin
kyphosis
upper cross syndrome
winged scapulae
dowagers hump
identify at least two examples of lower body postural distortions
lower cross syndrome
fixed pelvic tilting
identify two examples of lower extremity postural distortions
knee rotation issues
ankle pronation or supination
