obesity and body composition Flashcards
the WHO indicates nearly ____ adults are obese worldwide
2 billion
hypertension is ____ as common among obese adults and the majority of ____ are obese
twice
diabetics
obesity increases the risk for ___, ____, ____, ____, _____, ____ cancer
colon, gallbladder, prostate, kidney, breast, uterine
___, ___ and ___ are more common among the obese
sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis
obesity increases the risk for ___ during pregnancy
complications
essential body fat
necessary fat present in never tissues, bone marrow and organs
loss below essential body fat value compromises
physiological function
lowest body fat males and females
3-5%
11-14%
roles of fat
transport and store vitamins and lipids
form cell membranes
insulation and protection
functions of NS
assists formation of hormones
body fat distribution and total fat is determines by
genetics, sex
subcutaneous fat
layer of adipose beneath the skin, the largest storage site in the body
intramuscular fat
fat deposits stored within skeletal muscle tissue
visceral fat
central body fat stored within the abdomen surrounding the organs, highly metabolic
android storage
central, or apple-shaped, fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardio metabolic disease
android or gynoid fat easier to lose
android
android fat is ___ to lose: visceral fat possesses receptors which make it ____ to metabolize and use for fuel
easier, easier
gynoid storage
pear shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs
gynoid fat is ___ to lose, lower-body fat possesses ___ beta-receptors, creating a ____ to use as fuel
harder, less, resistance
android is more common in ___ while gynoid is more common in ____
men, women
indirect methods of assessing BF
height-weight tables, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio
height-weight tables were originally designed to
predict mortality rates associated with body size to determine insurance premiums
height-weight tables possess significant deficiencies for
practical use as they incorporate too many assumptions
____ has replaced height-weight tables in clinical environments
BMI
major issues of height-weight tables
tissue composition is not identifies, lean mass negatively affects disease prediction, age variations are not factored into tables
BMI provides a single measure to
predict risk for disease and premature mortality using a ratio of body weight compared to height
BMI does not actually measure body fat mass so
more muscular clients can be categorized as obese
BMI=
weight in kg/ height in m^2 OR
(weight lb / height in) x 703
adult males age 20-39:
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<7.9
8-19.9
20-24.9
>25
adult males age 40-59
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<10.9
11-21.9
22-27.9
>28
adult males age 60-79
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<12.9
13-24.9
25-29.9
>30
adult females age 20-39:
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<20.9
21-28.9
29-31.9
>32
adult females age 40-59
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<22.9
23-29.9
30-32.9
>33
adult females age 60-79
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF
<23.9
24-31.9
32-34.9
>35
waist circumference as a single measurement can estimate the risk for ______ as it examines ___ fat
cardio-metabolic
visceral
waist circumference high risk males and females
> 40 males
35 females
waist circumference is more useful when combined with
BMI or other circumference measures
waist circumference measure is taken while
standing and runs directly across belly button
waist-to-hip ratio works better than ____ for predicting disease, but may actually be less effective than _____ independently
BMI
waist circumference
if a person possesses high levels of lower-body fat, their central obesity will not be
as pronounced in the comparison which can under-estimate their risk
high risk waist-to-hip ratio
> ,9 males
.8 females
clinical body composition assessments
dual x-ray absorpitometry
hydrostatic weighing
air displacement plethysmography
field body composition assessments
circumference measurements
skinfold measurement
bioelectrical impedance
dual x-ray absorptiometry is used in research settings to assess
bodily tissue components including bone mineral, fat and lean tissue
hydrostatic weighing uses the principle of
buoyancy to estimate body composition
gold standard body composition assessment
DXA
air displacement plethysmography uses
air displacement in a specialized chamber to estimate body composition
circumference measures are preferred for
obese clients
skinfold measures are preferred for
leaner clients
skinfold sites: abdomen
fold orientation
fold description
vertical
2cm to the right of belly button
skinfold sites: chest (males)
fold orientation
fold description
diagonal
one half the distance between anterior armpit and nipple
skinfold sites: thigh
fold orientation
fold description
vertical
on the front of the thigh, midway between the hip and the superior aspect of the patella
skinfold sites: triceps
fold orientation
fold description
vertical
located halfway between the acrominon (shoulder) and the bottom of the elbow on the rear mid line of the upper arm
skinfold sites: suprailiac
fold orientation
fold description
diagonal
taken with the natural angle of the iliac crest at the anterior armpit line immediately on top of the iliac crest
skinfold sites: midaxillary
fold orientation
fold description
vertical
fold is taken on the midaxillary line at the end of the sternum
skinfold sites: subscapular
fold orientation
fold description
diagonal
just below the lowest angle of scap, taken on a 45 degree angle towards right
skinfold sites: medial calf
fold orientation
fold description
vertical
seated with R knee flexed and sole on floor, medial side of the calf at its greatest circumference
bioelectrical impedance
measure of the resistance to flow of an electrical current through body tissues used to estimate body composition
BIA can be useful as a non-invasive assessment for
clients when combined with circumference measure
bioelectrical impedance is most affected by
hydration status
testing guidelines for BIA
no eating or drinking w/in 4 hours
no exercise or strenuous work within 12 hours
void the bowel and bladder
diuretic medications invalidate the test
percent fat: essential
men 3-5
women 11-14.9
percent fat: lean
men 6-10.9
women 15-18.9
percent fat: fitness
men 11-15.9
women 19-22.9
percent fat: healthy
men 16-19.9
women 23-26.9
percent fat: moderate risk
men 20-24.9
women 27-31.9
percent fat: high risk
men >25
women >32
percent fat in children 6-17: very low
boys <6
girls 12
percent fat in children 6-17: low
boys 7-10
girls 13-15
percent fat in children 6-17: optimal
boys 11-19
girls 16-25
percent fat in children 6-17: moderately high
boys 20-24
girls 26-30
percent fat in children 6-17: high
boys 25-30
girls 31-35
percent fat in children 6-17: very high
boys >31
girls >35
body fat values can also be used to inform and develop
exercise program
target body weight formula
computation of healthy or idea body weight for goal-setting by inputting current weight and desired body fat percentage
target body weight=
free fat mass/ (1- ((desired %BF/100)))
a 30 year old male weighs 185 lbs and has a BF % of 20%. his goal is to reach 15% BF. what is his target bodyweight at 15% BF
fat mass= 185 x .2=37lb
FFM= 185 - 37 = 148
148/(1-(15/100))=174lb
It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that nearly __________ adults are obese worldwide.
a. 300 million
b. 500 million
c. 1 billion
d. 2 billion
d
Which of the following is considered the “gold standard” for body composition assessment?
a. Skinfold measurements
b. Bod Pod
c. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry
d. Waist circumference
c
Which of the following must be followed prior to a BIA body composition assessment?
a. Do not eat or drink within four hours of the test
b. Do not exercise or perform intense work within 12 hours of the test
c. Do not consume alcohol for at least 24 hours before the test
d. All of the above are correct
d
Which of the following clients possess a percentage of body fat considered at the “obese” level?
a. A male with 16% body fat
b. A female with 25% body fat
c. A male with 21% body fat
d. A female with 33% body fat
d
True or False? A client who possesses high levels of body fat in their lower body is at high risk for disease.
false
True or False? A male in his 20s with a BMI value of 25 is considered to have a high risk for disease.
false
What is the healthy essential body fat range for each of the following?
a. Adult males:
b. Adult females:
a. 3-5
b. 11-14
Describe the differences between the following types of body fat storage.
a. Android storage:
b. Gynoid storage:
a. Android storage: apple-shaped central fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardiometabolic disease; easier to lose fat due to specific receptors which allow it to be used as fuel (more common among males)
b. Gynoid storage: pear-shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs; harder to lose due to specific receptors which make it resistant to use as a fuel (more common among females)
Identify the potential sites of measurement during a skinfold assessment.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
a. abdomen
b. thigh
c. triceps
d. chest
e. suprailiac
f. midaxillary
g. subscapular
h. medial calf
Using the Target Body Weight Formula, calculate a target body weight for the following client:
A 35-year old female weighs 150 lbs. and has a body fat percentage of 28%. Her goal to reach 25% body fat. What would be her target bodyweight at 25% body fat?
Fat mass
Fat-free mass
Target body weight
Fat mass 150 x 0.28 = 42 lbs.
Fat-free mass 150 – 42 = 108 lbs.
Target body weight
(108 / [1 – 25/100]) = 144 lbs.
