obesity and body composition Flashcards by Brianna D

the WHO indicates nearly ____ adults are obese worldwide

2 billion

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hypertension is ____ as common among obese adults and the majority of ____ are obese

twice
diabetics

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obesity increases the risk for ___, ____, ____, ____, _____, ____ cancer

colon, gallbladder, prostate, kidney, breast, uterine

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___, ___ and ___ are more common among the obese

sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis

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obesity increases the risk for ___ during pregnancy

complications

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essential body fat

necessary fat present in never tissues, bone marrow and organs

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loss below essential body fat value compromises

physiological function

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lowest body fat males and females

3-5%
11-14%

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roles of fat

transport and store vitamins and lipids
form cell membranes
insulation and protection
functions of NS
assists formation of hormones

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body fat distribution and total fat is determines by

genetics, sex

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subcutaneous fat

layer of adipose beneath the skin, the largest storage site in the body

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intramuscular fat

fat deposits stored within skeletal muscle tissue

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visceral fat

central body fat stored within the abdomen surrounding the organs, highly metabolic

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android storage

central, or apple-shaped, fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardio metabolic disease

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android or gynoid fat easier to lose

android

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android fat is ___ to lose: visceral fat possesses receptors which make it ____ to metabolize and use for fuel

easier, easier

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gynoid storage

pear shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs

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gynoid fat is ___ to lose, lower-body fat possesses ___ beta-receptors, creating a ____ to use as fuel

harder, less, resistance

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android is more common in ___ while gynoid is more common in ____

men, women

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indirect methods of assessing BF

height-weight tables, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio

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height-weight tables were originally designed to

predict mortality rates associated with body size to determine insurance premiums

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height-weight tables possess significant deficiencies for

practical use as they incorporate too many assumptions

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____ has replaced height-weight tables in clinical environments

BMI

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major issues of height-weight tables

tissue composition is not identifies, lean mass negatively affects disease prediction, age variations are not factored into tables

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BMI provides a single measure to

predict risk for disease and premature mortality using a ratio of body weight compared to height

BMI does not actually measure body fat mass so

more muscular clients can be categorized as obese

BMI=

weight in kg/ height in m^2 OR (weight lb / height in) x 703

adult males age 20-39: increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<7.9 8-19.9 20-24.9 >25

adult males age 40-59 increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<10.9 11-21.9 22-27.9 >28

adult males age 60-79 increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<12.9 13-24.9 25-29.9 >30

adult females age 20-39: increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<20.9 21-28.9 29-31.9 >32

adult females age 40-59 increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<22.9 23-29.9 30-32.9 >33

adult females age 60-79 increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

<23.9 24-31.9 32-34.9 >35

waist circumference as a single measurement can estimate the risk for ______ as it examines ___ fat

cardio-metabolic visceral

waist circumference high risk males and females

>40 males >35 females

waist circumference is more useful when combined with

BMI or other circumference measures

waist circumference measure is taken while

standing and runs directly across belly button

waist-to-hip ratio works better than ____ for predicting disease, but may actually be less effective than _____ independently

BMI waist circumference

if a person possesses high levels of lower-body fat, their central obesity will not be

as pronounced in the comparison which can under-estimate their risk

high risk waist-to-hip ratio

>,9 males >.8 females

clinical body composition assessments

dual x-ray absorpitometry hydrostatic weighing air displacement plethysmography

field body composition assessments

circumference measurements skinfold measurement bioelectrical impedance

dual x-ray absorptiometry is used in research settings to assess

bodily tissue components including bone mineral, fat and lean tissue

hydrostatic weighing uses the principle of

buoyancy to estimate body composition

gold standard body composition assessment

DXA

air displacement plethysmography uses

air displacement in a specialized chamber to estimate body composition

circumference measures are preferred for

obese clients

skinfold measures are preferred for

leaner clients

skinfold sites: abdomen fold orientation fold description

vertical 2cm to the right of belly button

skinfold sites: chest (males) fold orientation fold description

diagonal one half the distance between anterior armpit and nipple

skinfold sites: thigh fold orientation fold description

vertical on the front of the thigh, midway between the hip and the superior aspect of the patella

skinfold sites: triceps fold orientation fold description

vertical located halfway between the acrominon (shoulder) and the bottom of the elbow on the rear mid line of the upper arm

skinfold sites: suprailiac fold orientation fold description

diagonal taken with the natural angle of the iliac crest at the anterior armpit line immediately on top of the iliac crest

skinfold sites: midaxillary fold orientation fold description

vertical fold is taken on the midaxillary line at the end of the sternum

skinfold sites: subscapular fold orientation fold description

diagonal just below the lowest angle of scap, taken on a 45 degree angle towards right

skinfold sites: medial calf fold orientation fold description

vertical seated with R knee flexed and sole on floor, medial side of the calf at its greatest circumference

bioelectrical impedance

measure of the resistance to flow of an electrical current through body tissues used to estimate body composition

BIA can be useful as a non-invasive assessment for

clients when combined with circumference measure

bioelectrical impedance is most affected by

hydration status

testing guidelines for BIA

no eating or drinking w/in 4 hours no exercise or strenuous work within 12 hours void the bowel and bladder diuretic medications invalidate the test

percent fat: essential

men 3-5 women 11-14.9

percent fat: lean

men 6-10.9 women 15-18.9

percent fat: fitness

men 11-15.9 women 19-22.9

percent fat: healthy

men 16-19.9 women 23-26.9

percent fat: moderate risk

men 20-24.9 women 27-31.9

percent fat: high risk

men >25 women >32

percent fat in children 6-17: very low

boys <6 girls 12

percent fat in children 6-17: low

boys 7-10 girls 13-15

percent fat in children 6-17: optimal

boys 11-19 girls 16-25

percent fat in children 6-17: moderately high

boys 20-24 girls 26-30

percent fat in children 6-17: high

boys 25-30 girls 31-35

percent fat in children 6-17: very high

boys >31 girls >35

body fat values can also be used to inform and develop

exercise program

target body weight formula

computation of healthy or idea body weight for goal-setting by inputting current weight and desired body fat percentage

target body weight=

free fat mass/ (1- ((desired %BF/100)))

a 30 year old male weighs 185 lbs and has a BF % of 20%. his goal is to reach 15% BF. what is his target bodyweight at 15% BF

fat mass= 185 x .2=37lb FFM= 185 - 37 = 148 148/(1-(15/100))=174lb

It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that nearly __________ adults are obese worldwide. a. 300 million b. 500 million c. 1 billion d. 2 billion

Which of the following is considered the “gold standard” for body composition assessment? a. Skinfold measurements b. Bod Pod c. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry d. Waist circumference

Which of the following must be followed prior to a BIA body composition assessment? a. Do not eat or drink within four hours of the test b. Do not exercise or perform intense work within 12 hours of the test c. Do not consume alcohol for at least 24 hours before the test d. All of the above are correct

Which of the following clients possess a percentage of body fat considered at the “obese” level? a. A male with 16% body fat b. A female with 25% body fat c. A male with 21% body fat d. A female with 33% body fat

True or False? A client who possesses high levels of body fat in their lower body is at high risk for disease.

false

True or False? A male in his 20s with a BMI value of 25 is considered to have a high risk for disease.

false

What is the healthy essential body fat range for each of the following? a. Adult males: b. Adult females:

a. 3-5 b. 11-14

Describe the differences between the following types of body fat storage. a. Android storage: b. Gynoid storage:

a. Android storage: apple-shaped central fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardiometabolic disease; easier to lose fat due to specific receptors which allow it to be used as fuel (more common among males) b. Gynoid storage: pear-shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs; harder to lose due to specific receptors which make it resistant to use as a fuel (more common among females)

Identify the potential sites of measurement during a skinfold assessment. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

a. abdomen b. thigh c. triceps d. chest e. suprailiac f. midaxillary g. subscapular h. medial calf

Using the Target Body Weight Formula, calculate a target body weight for the following client: A 35-year old female weighs 150 lbs. and has a body fat percentage of 28%. Her goal to reach 25% body fat. What would be her target bodyweight at 25% body fat? Fat mass Fat-free mass Target body weight

Fat mass 150 x 0.28 = 42 lbs. Fat-free mass 150 – 42 = 108 lbs. Target body weight (108 / [1 – 25/100]) = 144 lbs.