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obesity and body composition Flashcards

1
Q

the WHO indicates nearly ____ adults are obese worldwide

A

2 billion

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2
Q

hypertension is ____ as common among obese adults and the majority of ____ are obese

A

twice
diabetics

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3
Q

obesity increases the risk for ___, ____, ____, ____, _____, ____ cancer

A

colon, gallbladder, prostate, kidney, breast, uterine

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4
Q

___, ___ and ___ are more common among the obese

A

sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis

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5
Q

obesity increases the risk for ___ during pregnancy

A

complications

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6
Q

essential body fat

A

necessary fat present in never tissues, bone marrow and organs

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7
Q

loss below essential body fat value compromises

A

physiological function

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8
Q

lowest body fat males and females

A

3-5%
11-14%

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9
Q

roles of fat

A

transport and store vitamins and lipids
form cell membranes
insulation and protection
functions of NS
assists formation of hormones

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10
Q

body fat distribution and total fat is determines by

A

genetics, sex

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11
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

layer of adipose beneath the skin, the largest storage site in the body

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12
Q

intramuscular fat

A

fat deposits stored within skeletal muscle tissue

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13
Q

visceral fat

A

central body fat stored within the abdomen surrounding the organs, highly metabolic

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14
Q

android storage

A

central, or apple-shaped, fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardio metabolic disease

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15
Q

android or gynoid fat easier to lose

A

android

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16
Q

android fat is ___ to lose: visceral fat possesses receptors which make it ____ to metabolize and use for fuel

A

easier, easier

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17
Q

gynoid storage

A

pear shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs

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18
Q

gynoid fat is ___ to lose, lower-body fat possesses ___ beta-receptors, creating a ____ to use as fuel

A

harder, less, resistance

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19
Q

android is more common in ___ while gynoid is more common in ____

A

men, women

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20
Q

indirect methods of assessing BF

A

height-weight tables, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio

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21
Q

height-weight tables were originally designed to

A

predict mortality rates associated with body size to determine insurance premiums

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22
Q

height-weight tables possess significant deficiencies for

A

practical use as they incorporate too many assumptions

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23
Q

____ has replaced height-weight tables in clinical environments

A

BMI

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24
Q

major issues of height-weight tables

A

tissue composition is not identifies, lean mass negatively affects disease prediction, age variations are not factored into tables

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25
Q

BMI provides a single measure to

A

predict risk for disease and premature mortality using a ratio of body weight compared to height

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26
Q

BMI does not actually measure body fat mass so

A

more muscular clients can be categorized as obese

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27
Q

BMI=

A

weight in kg/ height in m^2 OR
(weight lb / height in) x 703

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28
Q

adult males age 20-39:
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<7.9
8-19.9
20-24.9
>25

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29
Q

adult males age 40-59
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<10.9
11-21.9
22-27.9
>28

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30
Q

adult males age 60-79
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<12.9
13-24.9
25-29.9
>30

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31
Q

adult females age 20-39:
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<20.9
21-28.9
29-31.9
>32

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32
Q

adult females age 40-59
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<22.9
23-29.9
30-32.9
>33

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33
Q

adult females age 60-79
increased risk BMI <18.5: ___% BF
healthy BMI 18.6-24.9: ___% BF
increased risk BMI 25-29.9: ___%BF
high risk BMI 30+ ___%BF

A

<23.9
24-31.9
32-34.9
>35

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34
Q

waist circumference as a single measurement can estimate the risk for ______ as it examines ___ fat

A

cardio-metabolic
visceral

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35
Q

waist circumference high risk males and females

A

> 40 males
35 females

36
Q

waist circumference is more useful when combined with

A

BMI or other circumference measures

37
Q

waist circumference measure is taken while

A

standing and runs directly across belly button

38
Q

waist-to-hip ratio works better than ____ for predicting disease, but may actually be less effective than _____ independently

A

BMI
waist circumference

39
Q

if a person possesses high levels of lower-body fat, their central obesity will not be

A

as pronounced in the comparison which can under-estimate their risk

40
Q

high risk waist-to-hip ratio

A

> ,9 males
.8 females

41
Q

clinical body composition assessments

A

dual x-ray absorpitometry
hydrostatic weighing
air displacement plethysmography

42
Q

field body composition assessments

A

circumference measurements
skinfold measurement
bioelectrical impedance

43
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry is used in research settings to assess

A

bodily tissue components including bone mineral, fat and lean tissue

44
Q

hydrostatic weighing uses the principle of

A

buoyancy to estimate body composition

45
Q

gold standard body composition assessment

A

DXA

46
Q

air displacement plethysmography uses

A

air displacement in a specialized chamber to estimate body composition

47
Q

circumference measures are preferred for

A

obese clients

48
Q

skinfold measures are preferred for

A

leaner clients

49
Q

skinfold sites: abdomen
fold orientation
fold description

A

vertical
2cm to the right of belly button

50
Q

skinfold sites: chest (males)
fold orientation
fold description

A

diagonal
one half the distance between anterior armpit and nipple

51
Q

skinfold sites: thigh
fold orientation
fold description

A

vertical
on the front of the thigh, midway between the hip and the superior aspect of the patella

52
Q

skinfold sites: triceps
fold orientation
fold description

A

vertical
located halfway between the acrominon (shoulder) and the bottom of the elbow on the rear mid line of the upper arm

53
Q

skinfold sites: suprailiac
fold orientation
fold description

A

diagonal
taken with the natural angle of the iliac crest at the anterior armpit line immediately on top of the iliac crest

54
Q

skinfold sites: midaxillary
fold orientation
fold description

A

vertical
fold is taken on the midaxillary line at the end of the sternum

55
Q

skinfold sites: subscapular
fold orientation
fold description

A

diagonal
just below the lowest angle of scap, taken on a 45 degree angle towards right

56
Q

skinfold sites: medial calf
fold orientation
fold description

A

vertical
seated with R knee flexed and sole on floor, medial side of the calf at its greatest circumference

57
Q

bioelectrical impedance

A

measure of the resistance to flow of an electrical current through body tissues used to estimate body composition

58
Q

BIA can be useful as a non-invasive assessment for

A

clients when combined with circumference measure

59
Q

bioelectrical impedance is most affected by

A

hydration status

60
Q

testing guidelines for BIA

A

no eating or drinking w/in 4 hours
no exercise or strenuous work within 12 hours
void the bowel and bladder
diuretic medications invalidate the test

61
Q

percent fat: essential

A

men 3-5
women 11-14.9

62
Q

percent fat: lean

A

men 6-10.9
women 15-18.9

63
Q

percent fat: fitness

A

men 11-15.9
women 19-22.9

64
Q

percent fat: healthy

A

men 16-19.9
women 23-26.9

65
Q

percent fat: moderate risk

A

men 20-24.9
women 27-31.9

66
Q

percent fat: high risk

A

men >25
women >32

67
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: very low

A

boys <6
girls 12

68
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: low

A

boys 7-10
girls 13-15

69
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: optimal

A

boys 11-19
girls 16-25

70
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: moderately high

A

boys 20-24
girls 26-30

71
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: high

A

boys 25-30
girls 31-35

72
Q

percent fat in children 6-17: very high

A

boys >31
girls >35

73
Q

body fat values can also be used to inform and develop

A

exercise program

74
Q

target body weight formula

A

computation of healthy or idea body weight for goal-setting by inputting current weight and desired body fat percentage

75
Q

target body weight=

A

free fat mass/ (1- ((desired %BF/100)))

76
Q

a 30 year old male weighs 185 lbs and has a BF % of 20%. his goal is to reach 15% BF. what is his target bodyweight at 15% BF

A

fat mass= 185 x .2=37lb
FFM= 185 - 37 = 148
148/(1-(15/100))=174lb

77
Q

It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that nearly __________ adults are obese worldwide.
a. 300 million
b. 500 million
c. 1 billion
d. 2 billion

A

d

78
Q

Which of the following is considered the “gold standard” for body composition assessment?
a. Skinfold measurements
b. Bod Pod
c. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry
d. Waist circumference

A

c

79
Q

Which of the following must be followed prior to a BIA body composition assessment?
a. Do not eat or drink within four hours of the test
b. Do not exercise or perform intense work within 12 hours of the test
c. Do not consume alcohol for at least 24 hours before the test
d. All of the above are correct

A

d

80
Q

Which of the following clients possess a percentage of body fat considered at the “obese” level?
a. A male with 16% body fat
b. A female with 25% body fat
c. A male with 21% body fat
d. A female with 33% body fat

A

d

81
Q

True or False? A client who possesses high levels of body fat in their lower body is at high risk for disease.

A

false

82
Q

True or False? A male in his 20s with a BMI value of 25 is considered to have a high risk for disease.

A

false

83
Q

What is the healthy essential body fat range for each of the following?
a. Adult males:
b. Adult females:

A

a. 3-5
b. 11-14

84
Q

Describe the differences between the following types of body fat storage.
a. Android storage:
b. Gynoid storage:

A

a. Android storage: apple-shaped central fat pattern associated with a greater risk for cardiometabolic disease; easier to lose fat due to specific receptors which allow it to be used as fuel (more common among males)
b. Gynoid storage: pear-shaped pattern of body fat storage in the lower half of the body surrounding the hips, glutes and thighs; harder to lose due to specific receptors which make it resistant to use as a fuel (more common among females)

85
Q

Identify the potential sites of measurement during a skinfold assessment.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

A

a. abdomen
b. thigh
c. triceps
d. chest
e. suprailiac
f. midaxillary
g. subscapular
h. medial calf

86
Q

Using the Target Body Weight Formula, calculate a target body weight for the following client:

A 35-year old female weighs 150 lbs. and has a body fat percentage of 28%. Her goal to reach 25% body fat. What would be her target bodyweight at 25% body fat?
Fat mass
Fat-free mass
Target body weight

A

Fat mass 150 x 0.28 = 42 lbs.
Fat-free mass 150 – 42 = 108 lbs.
Target body weight
(108 / [1 – 25/100]) = 144 lbs.

CPT (41 decks)

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