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CPT > cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

the ____, ____ and _____ must work together effectively to keep all cells of the body alive via adequate oxygen delivery and waste removal

A

heart, lungs, circulatory system

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2
Q

the use of oxygen by the cardiovascular system is embodied by the concept of

A

VO2

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3
Q

VO2

A

product of oxygenated blood pumped from the heart per min, CO, and the amount of oxygen used by bodily cells at a given time measured as (a-V)O2 difference

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4
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume
(oxygen rated blood pumped from the hear per min)

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5
Q

(a-v) O2 difference

A

difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins

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6
Q

(a-v) O2 difference indicates the

A

level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues

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7
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood expelled per contraction from the left ventricle during each heart beat

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8
Q

VO2 max = ____ x ____

A

cardiac output
(a-v) O2 difference

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9
Q

diastole

A

relaxation state; atrial chambers fill with blood

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10
Q

systole

A

contraction state; ventricles pump out blood to body

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11
Q

the heart repeatedly fills with blood which it pushes out to the lungs via the

A

pulmonary artery

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12
Q

oxygen diffuses into the blood across ___ in the ____ and binds to _____

A

alveoli, lungs, hemoglobin

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein found in RBC that helps to transport oxygen to all tissues

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14
Q

blood flow through the heart (7)

A

deoxygenated blood
right atrium
right ventricle
lungs remove CO2 and replace O2
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

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15
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

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16
Q

myocardium

A

specialized to allow for continuous contractions via an enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery system to allow it to manage rapid and non-stop neural impulses

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17
Q

cardiac muscle is versatile in its use of fuel including

A

fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies

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18
Q

circulatory vessels vary based on

A

role and location

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19
Q

major types of circulatory vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins

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20
Q

arteries

A

large, muscular-walled vessels suited for transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues

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21
Q

arterioles

A

smaller, thinner walled arteries that serve as the connecting units to capillaries

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22
Q

capillaries

A

smallest vessels with the thinnest walls; allow for O2 and nutrient exchange as well as waste product removal from muscles, organs, other tissues

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23
Q

veins

A

serve to pump deoxygenated blood back to heart and lungs via special valves

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24
Q

an adequate cool down period after intense exercise is needed so that

A

rapid blood flow back to the heart is not impeded

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25
Q

venous blood polling can cause

A

acute ischemia, leg heaviness, fainting, life-threatening cardiac episode

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26
Q

blood is shunted through the body based on

A

need

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27
Q

blood flows ___ through arteries to transport ____ blood

A

quickly, oxygenated

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28
Q

blood flows ____ through capillaries for ____ and ____ product diffusion

A

slowly, oxygen, waste

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29
Q

blood flows ____ through larger veins to get ____ blood back to the heart and maintain cardiac output

A

quickly, deoxygenated

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30
Q

function of blood:
1. transport _____ to tissues
2. carries _______ away from tissues
3. carries _____ to target tissues
4. transport ____ to certain tissues
5. plays a role in ___, ____, ____, and ____ regulation
6. ____ to prevent excess fluid loss

A

nutrients, oxygen
CO, waste
hormones
enzymes
temp, fluid, enzymes, PH
coagulates

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31
Q

males tend to have higher CO and VO2 max due to

A

larger heart size and more muscle mass

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32
Q

endurance training can improve cardiac output by improving hearts capacity to pump blood to working tissues via (2)

A

increased ventricular mass and strength
increased volume of blood expelled per heart beat

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33
Q

if each heart beat expels more oxygenated blood due to aerobic fitness improvements, the heart will

A

not have to work as hard at rest or during sub maximal work

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34
Q

higher cardiac output = ____ resting and sub maximal exercise heart rate

A

lower

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35
Q

why resting heart rate is a measure of cardiovascular fitness

A

as CRF goes up, heart rate goes down reciprocally

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36
Q

blood pressure

A

measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls

37
Q

blood pressure is modulated in response to

A

activity, nutrition, body size, health status

38
Q

blood pressure = ____ x _____

A

cardiac output, total peripheral resistance

39
Q

major factors that impact total peripheral resistance include

A

body size, obesity, nutrition, vessel disease

40
Q

blood pressure us managed via _____ located in major arteries which can promote dilation or constriction

A

baroreceptors

41
Q

baroreceptors

A

specialized receptors in the large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform the CNS to decrease/increase BP or HR

42
Q

heart rate increases –> ____ cardiac output –> ____ blood pressure

A

increase
increase

43
Q

aerobic exercise increases mean arterial pressure much ____ than weight lifting

A

less

44
Q

valsalva maneuver

A

attempting to move a heavy load while holding ones breath

45
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure that has a negative impact on cardiovascular function and causes vascular damage over time

46
Q

factors that can influence BP during resistance training (6)

A

the valsalva maneuver, intra-abdominal pressure, compressive forces via contractions, elevated CO, dehydration, external compressive forces

47
Q

when palpating the areas where large arteries are close to the skin, one will feel a rhythmic pulse caused by

A

pressure exerted on the arteries when the heart contracts

48
Q

head and neck arteries

A

superficial temporal, facial, carotid

49
Q

arm artery

A

radial

50
Q

upper arm arteries

A

axillary, brachial

51
Q

leg arteries

A

femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis

52
Q

mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
CNS via adjustments in ______ and shutting off flow from one

A

adjustments in mean BP and shunting of flow from one area to another

53
Q

mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
hormonal communication between

A

tissues that impacts blood flow characteristics

54
Q

mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
increased capillary activity in

A

muscles that need the most O2

55
Q

how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
blood travels via ____ to ____ to ____ to muscle tissue

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries

56
Q

how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
within the muscle, capillaries supply cells with ____ and ____ and remove _____

A

oxygen, nutrient, cellular waste

57
Q

how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
after the O2 is deposited and waste is removed, the blood travels from the ____ to ____ to ____ and back to the heart

A

capillaries, venules, veins

58
Q

how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
O2 rich blood leaves the heart via the

A

arterial system

59
Q

the hearts oxygen demand increases during exercise, requiring ____ blood flow to increase as the workload increases

A

coronary

60
Q

to estimate the O2 demands placed upon the heart during a given activity

A

systolic BP is multiplied by HR to give a rate pressure product value

61
Q

rate pressure product

A

estimate of myocardial oxygen demand and efficiency as well as cardiovascular disease risk

62
Q

what can increase RPP

A

low fitness or cardiovascular compromise

63
Q

RPP values over ____ are considered high risk

A

11,000

64
Q

___ x ____=RPP

A

HR, SBP

65
Q

RPP and heart stress ____ as aerobic fitness increases

A

decreases

66
Q

low cardiovascular efficiency means

A

more oxygenated blood needed for the heart, leaves less for working muscle

67
Q

increased workload placed on the heart during exercise expedites an increase in

A

ventilation rate to meet O2 demands

68
Q

once an individuals ____ has been crossed, breathing rate spikes quickly

A

lactate threshold

69
Q

lactate threshold

A

maximal intensity of work that a steady state condition can be maintained

70
Q

lactate accumulation begins to exceed

A

removal which indicates acidity in the tissue and blood

71
Q

during continuous, steady-state exercise, ventilation ____ to oxygen uptake

A

linear

72
Q

during intense exercise, ventilation ______ to O2 uptake

A

increases disproportionally

73
Q

during heavy resistance performed in short bouts, HR and ventilation ______ due to blood lactate accumulation

A

increase dramatically

74
Q

Which of the following is found in red blood cells and functions to transport oxygen to all tissues?
a. Platelets
b. White blood cells
c. Hemoglobin
d. Plasma

A

c

75
Q

Which of the following function to transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues?
a. Capillaries
b. Veins
c. Arteries
d. Venules

A

c

76
Q

Which of the following is incorrect concerning cardiac output (CO)?
a. CO is dictated by heart rate and systolic blood pressure
b. CO is affected by heart size
c. CO is increased with improvements in aerobic fitness
d. A higher CO allows for reduced resting and submaximal heart rates

A

c

77
Q

Which of the following statements concerning blood pressure (BP) is correct?
a. BP is a measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls
b. BP is dictated via cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
c. BP can be influenced by obesity and nutrition
d. All of the above are correct

A

d

78
Q

Which of the following is an estimate of oxygen demands placed upon the heart as well as risk for cardiovascular disease?
a. Blood pressure
b. Ischemia
c. Rate pressure product
d. Stroke volume

A

c

79
Q

True or False? Arterial pooling can be thwarted after an intense bout of exercise by performing an appropriate cool down protocol.

A

false

80
Q

True or False? Capillaries have the thinnest walls to allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange into tissues as well as waste product removal.

A

true

81
Q

True or False? Ventilation rate increases rapidly after a person crosses their FatMax threshold.

A

false

82
Q

The _____ maneuver is contraindicated among clients with hypertension.

A

valsalva

83
Q

The ____ is specialized to allow for continuous contractions and neural impulses across the lifespan via an enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery system.

A

myocardium

84
Q

Aerobic training adaptations include an increase in ____ and ____ densities for enhanced oxygen extraction.

A

mitochondrial, capillary

85
Q

identify the pulse assessment locations
a. wrist
b. neck

A

radia
carotid

86
Q

briefly describe the 4 steps involved in oxygen delivery to muscles

A
  1. oxygen rich blood leaves the heart via large arteries
  2. blood travels from arteries to arterioles to capillaries in muscle tissue
  3. within muscles the thin walls of capillaries allow for O2 nutrient and waste product transportation
  4. deoxygenated blood with waste products travels to venues to veins to return to heart for deoxygenation
87
Q

define the two elements that compromise ones relative and absolute VO2
a. cardiac output
b. (a-v) O2 difference

A

Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped from the heart to the body per minute; calculated via heart rate x stroke volume
(a-v) O2 difference: difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins; indicates the level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues

88
Q

identify at least three roles of blood circulation throughout the body

A

Nutrient, hormone, enzyme, and oxygen transport
CO2 and waste removal Temperature, fluid, pH, and electrolyte balance
Coagulation to prevent excess fluid loss from open injuries

CPT (25 decks)

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