cardiovascular physiology Flashcards
the ____, ____ and _____ must work together effectively to keep all cells of the body alive via adequate oxygen delivery and waste removal
heart, lungs, circulatory system
the use of oxygen by the cardiovascular system is embodied by the concept of
VO2
VO2
product of oxygenated blood pumped from the heart per min, CO, and the amount of oxygen used by bodily cells at a given time measured as (a-V)O2 difference
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
(oxygen rated blood pumped from the hear per min)
(a-v) O2 difference
difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins
(a-v) O2 difference indicates the
level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues
stroke volume
volume of blood expelled per contraction from the left ventricle during each heart beat
VO2 max = ____ x ____
cardiac output
(a-v) O2 difference
diastole
relaxation state; atrial chambers fill with blood
systole
contraction state; ventricles pump out blood to body
the heart repeatedly fills with blood which it pushes out to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery
oxygen diffuses into the blood across ___ in the lungs and binds to _____
alveoli, hemoglobin
hemoglobin
protein found in RBC that helps to transport oxygen to all tissues
blood flow through the heart (7)
deoxygenated blood
right atrium
right ventricle
lungs remove CO2 and replace O2
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
heart muscle
myocardium
myocardium specialized to allow for continuous contractions via
an enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery system to allow it to manage rapid and non-stop neural impulses
cardiac muscle is versatile in its use of fuel including
fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, lactate, ketone bodies
circulatory vessels vary based on
role and location
major types of circulatory vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins
arteries
large, muscular-walled vessels suited for transporting oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues
arterioles
smaller, thinner walled arteries that serve as the connecting units to capillaries
capillaries
smallest vessels with the thinnest walls; allow for O2 and nutrient exchange as well as waste product removal from muscles, organs, other tissues
veins
serve to pump deoxygenated blood back to heart and lungs via special valves
an adequate cool down period after intense exercise is needed so that
rapid blood flow back to the heart is not impeded
venous blood polling can cause
acute ischemia, leg heaviness, fainting, life-threatening cardiac episode
blood is shunted through the body based on
need
blood flows quickly through arteries to transport ____ blood
, oxygenated
blood flows slowly through capillaries for ____ and ____ product diffusion
, oxygen, waste
blood flows quickly through larger veins to get ____ blood back to the heart and maintain cardiac output
deoxygenated
function of blood:
1. transport _____ to tissues
2. carries _______ away from tissues
3. carries _____ to target tissues
4. transport ____ to certain tissues
5. plays a role in ___, ____, ____, and ____ regulation
6. ____ to prevent excess fluid loss
nutrients, oxygen
CO, waste
hormones
enzymes
temp, fluid, enzymes, PH
coagulates
males tend to have higher CO and VO2 max due to
larger heart size and more muscle mass
endurance training can improve cardiac output by improving hearts capacity to pump blood to working tissues via (2)
increased ventricular mass and strength
increased volume of blood expelled per heart beat
if each heart beat expels more oxygenated blood due to aerobic fitness improvements, the heart will
not have to work as hard at rest or during sub maximal work
higher cardiac output = ____ resting and sub maximal exercise heart rate
lower
why resting heart rate is a measure of cardiovascular fitness
as CRF goes up, heart rate goes down reciprocally
blood pressure
measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls
blood pressure is modulated in response to
activity, nutrition, body size, health status
blood pressure = ____ x _____
cardiac output, total peripheral resistance
major factors that impact total peripheral resistance include
body size, obesity, nutrition, vessel disease
blood pressure us managed via _____ located in major arteries which can promote dilation or constriction
baroreceptors
baroreceptors
specialized receptors in the large arteries that detect changes in pressure and inform the CNS to decrease/increase BP or HR
heart rate increases –> ____ cardiac output –> ____ blood pressure
increase
increase
aerobic exercise increases mean arterial pressure much ____ than weight lifting
less
valsalva maneuver
attempting to move a heavy load while holding ones breath
hypertension
high blood pressure that has a negative impact on cardiovascular function and causes vascular damage over time
factors that can influence BP during resistance training (6)
the valsalva maneuver, intra-abdominal pressure, compressive forces via contractions, elevated CO, dehydration, external compressive forces
when palpating the areas where large arteries are close to the skin, one will feel a rhythmic pulse caused by
pressure exerted on the arteries when the heart contracts
head and neck arteries
superficial temporal, facial, carotid
arm artery
radial
upper arm arteries
axillary, brachial
leg arteries
femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis
mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
CNS via adjustments in ______ and shutting off flow from one
adjustments in mean BP and shunting of flow from one area to another
mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
hormonal communication between
tissues that impacts blood flow characteristics
mechanisms that regulate blood flow to working muscles:
increased capillary activity in
muscles that need the most O2
how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
blood travels via ____ to ____ to ____ to muscle tissue
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
within the muscle, capillaries supply cells with ____ and ____ and remove _____
oxygen, nutrient, cellular waste
how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
after the O2 is deposited and waste is removed, the blood travels from the ____ to ____ to ____ and back to the heart
capillaries, venules, veins
how O2 exchanges with muscle tissue
O2 rich blood leaves the heart via the
arterial system
the hearts oxygen demand increases during exercise, requiring ____ blood flow to increase as the workload increases
coronary
to estimate the O2 demands placed upon the heart during a given activity
systolic BP is multiplied by HR to give a rate pressure product value
rate pressure product
estimate of myocardial oxygen demand and efficiency as well as cardiovascular disease risk
what can increase RPP
low fitness or cardiovascular compromise
RPP values over ____ are considered high risk
11,000
___ x ____=RPP
HR, SBP
RPP and heart stress ____ as aerobic fitness increases
decreases
low cardiovascular efficiency means
more oxygenated blood needed for the heart, leaves less for working muscle
increased workload placed on the heart during exercise expedites an increase in
ventilation rate to meet O2 demands
once an individuals ____ has been crossed, breathing rate spikes quickly
lactate threshold
lactate threshold
maximal intensity of work that a steady state condition can be maintained
lactate accumulation begins to exceed removal which indicates
acidity in the tissue and blood
during continuous, steady-state exercise, ventilation ____ to oxygen uptake
linear
during intense exercise, ventilation ______ to O2 uptake
increases disproportionally
during heavy resistance performed in short bouts, HR and ventilation ______ due to blood lactate accumulation
increase dramatically
Which of the following is found in red blood cells and functions to transport oxygen to all tissues?
a. Platelets
b. White blood cells
c. Hemoglobin
d. Plasma
c
Which of the following function to transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to bodily tissues?
a. Capillaries
b. Veins
c. Arteries
d. Venules
c
Which of the following is incorrect concerning cardiac output (CO)?
a. CO is dictated by heart rate and systolic blood pressure
b. CO is affected by heart size
c. CO is increased with improvements in aerobic fitness
d. A higher CO allows for reduced resting and submaximal heart rates
c
Which of the following statements concerning blood pressure (BP) is correct?
a. BP is a measure of force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls
b. BP is dictated via cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
c. BP can be influenced by obesity and nutrition
d. All of the above are correct
d
Which of the following is an estimate of oxygen demands placed upon the heart as well as risk for cardiovascular disease?
a. Blood pressure
b. Ischemia
c. Rate pressure product
d. Stroke volume
c
True or False? Arterial pooling can be thwarted after an intense bout of exercise by performing an appropriate cool down protocol.
false
True or False? Capillaries have the thinnest walls to allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange into tissues as well as waste product removal.
true
True or False? Ventilation rate increases rapidly after a person crosses their FatMax threshold.
false
The _____ maneuver is contraindicated among clients with hypertension.
valsalva
The ____ is specialized to allow for continuous contractions and neural impulses across the lifespan via an enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium delivery system.
myocardium
Aerobic training adaptations include an increase in ____ and ____ densities for enhanced oxygen extraction.
mitochondrial, capillary
identify the pulse assessment locations
a. wrist
b. neck
radia
carotid
briefly describe the 4 steps involved in oxygen delivery to muscles
- oxygen rich blood leaves the heart via large arteries
- blood travels from arteries to arterioles to capillaries in muscle tissue
- within muscles the thin walls of capillaries allow for O2 nutrient and waste product transportation
- deoxygenated blood with waste products travels to venues to veins to return to heart for deoxygenation
define the two elements that compromise ones relative and absolute VO2
a. cardiac output
b. (a-v) O2 difference
Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped from the heart to the body per minute; calculated via heart rate x stroke volume
(a-v) O2 difference: difference in oxygen saturation when comparing the arteries and veins; indicates the level of oxygen uptake efficiency of working muscles and other tissues
identify at least three roles of blood circulation throughout the body
Nutrient, hormone, enzyme, and oxygen transport
CO2 and waste removal Temperature, fluid, pH, and electrolyte balance
Coagulation to prevent excess fluid loss from open injuries
