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Clinical Chemistry > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Results from a single, short-term exposure to a substance causing immediate toxic effects

A

Acute toxicity

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2
Q

Results from repeated, prolonged exposure at doses insufficient to cause immediate response; may affect different systems

A

Chronic toxicity

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3
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory; causes mixed acid-base disorders (metabolic acidosis → respiratory alkalosis), Reye’s syndrome

A

Acetylsalicylate (Aspirin)

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4
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Preferred over aspirin in patients with bleeding disorders; toxic effect: hepatotoxicity

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

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5
Q

ILICIT DRUGS

Stimulants: Local anesthetic, primary metabolite: benzoylecgonine; short half-life of 1-2 hours

A

Cocaine

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6
Q

ILICIT DRUGS

Used to treat narcolepsy, commonly known as ‘shabu’

A

Stimulants: Amphetamines (Methamphetamine)

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7
Q

ILICIT DRUG

Designer drugs: Euphoria-producing synthetic phenylethylamine

A

MDMA (Ecstasy)

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8
Q

ILICIT DRUGS

Depressants classification: Barbiturates (Secobarbital, Pentobarbital, Amobarbital, Phenobarbital)

A

Sedative-hypnotics

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9
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Depressants classification: benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Lorazepam)

A

Minor tranquilizers

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10
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Depressants: Not structurally similar to barbiturates but has similar properties

A

Methaqualone (Quaalude)

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11
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Opiates/Narcotics: Naturally occurring (Opium, Morphine, Codeine), Chemically modified (Heroin, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone)

A

Used for sedation, analgesia, anesthesia

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12
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Opiates/Narcotics classification: Fully synthetic (Meperidine, Methadone, Propoxyphene, Pentazocine, Fentanyl)

A

Pain relievers

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13
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Primary cannabinoid component of Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)

A

THC; major urinary metabolite: THC-COOH

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14
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Structurally similar to serotonin, produces panic reactions and undulating vision

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

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15
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Tricyclic compound with paradoxical symptoms

A

Phencyclidine (PCP)

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16
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Used as anesthetic for short surgical procedures in pediatric medicine

A

Ketamine

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17
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Derivatives of serotonin with hallucinogenic properties

A

Tryptamines (e.g., dimethyltryptamine, psilocin/psilocybin)

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18
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Produce effects similar to amphetamines

A

Piperazines

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19
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Psychoactive designer drugs that produce amphetamine- or cocaine-like effects, can give false positive meth result

A

Synthetic cathinones (Bath salts)

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20
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

Used as sleep aids

A

Non-benzodiazepine agents (e.g., Zolpidem, Zopiclone)

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21
Q

THERAPEUTIC DRUGS COMMONLY ABUSED

CNS depressants used in pain management of musculoskeletal conditions

A

Muscle relaxants (e.g., Carisoprodol, Meprobamate)

22
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Most commonly abused substance in the world, chronic exposure associated with toxic hepatitis and cirrhosis

A

Ethanol

23
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Subclinical impairment, no obvious impairment

A

0.01-0.05% w/v BAC

24
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Mild euphoria, some impairment of motor skills

A

0.03-0.12% w/v BAC

25
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Legal intoxication in the US

A

> 0.1% w/v BAC

26
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Loss of critical judgment, memory impairment

A

0.09-0.25% w/v BAC

27
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Mental confusion, strongly impaired motor skills

A

0.18-0.30% w/v BAC

28
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Impaired consciousness

A

0.27-0.40% w/v BAC

29
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Complete unconsciousness, deep, possibly fatal coma

A

0.35-0.50% w/v BAC

30
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Respiratory arrest

A

> 0.45% BAC

31
Q

Enzymatic method for ethanol detection: Ethanol + NAD ADH → acetaldehyde + NADH instrument

A

UV

32
Q

Reference method for ethanol detection

A

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)

33
Q

Method for ethanol detection, measures osmolal gap

A

Osmometry

34
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Causes acidosis, blindness, and death due to formaldehyde and formic acid formation

A

Methanol

35
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Produces severe, acute ethanol-like symptoms that persist for a long period

A

Isopropanol

36
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Causes severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage

A

Ethylene glycol

37
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

245x greater affinity for Hb compared to oxygen, shifts oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left (hypoxia)

A

Carbon monoxide

38
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Typical in nonsmokers COHb (%)

A

0.5% COHb

39
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Range of values seen in smokers COHb (%)

A

5-15% COHb

40
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Shortness of breath with vigorous exercise COHb (%)

A

10% COHb

41
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Shortness of breath with moderate exercise COHb (%)

A

20% COHb

42
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Severe headaches, fatigue, impairment of judgment COHb (%)

A

30% COHb

43
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Confusion, fainting on exertion COHb (%)

A

40-50% COHb

44
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Unconsciousness, respiratory failure, death with continuous exposure COHb (%)

A

60-70% COHb

45
Q

OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Immediately fatal COHb (%)

A

80% COHb

46
Q

Cyanide characteristic odor

A

bitter almonds

47
Q

Arsenic characteristic odor

A

garlic odor and metallic taste

48
Q

Cadmium exposure effects

A

renal tubular damage (acute tubular necrosis)

49
Q

Lead enzymes inhibited in heme synthesis pathway

A

ALA dehydrogenase/ PBG synthase (high urinary delta-ALA); ferrochelatase/heme synthase (high EEP - free erythrocyte porphyrin)

50
Q

Mercury forms

A

Elemental (Hg°); Cationic/inorganic (Hg+ and Hg2+); Organic (alkyl, aryl, alkoxyalkyl forms)

51
Q

Most toxic mercury form

A

methyl-Hg (associated with Minamata disease)

52
Q

Garlic Breath

A

Selenium, arsenic, organophosphate

Clinical Chemistry (43 decks)

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