Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Chemistry > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Results from a single, short-term exposure to a substance causing immediate toxic effects

A

Acute toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Results from repeated, prolonged exposure at doses insufficient to cause immediate response; may affect different systems

A

Chronic toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory; causes mixed acid-base disorders (metabolic acidosis → respiratory alkalosis), Reye’s syndrome

A

Analgesics: Acetylsalicylate (Aspirin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Preferred over aspirin in patients with bleeding disorders; toxic effect: hepatotoxicity

A

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stimulants: Local anesthetic, primary metabolite: benzoylecgonine; short half-life of 1-2 hours

A

Cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Used to treat narcolepsy, commonly known as ‘shabu’

A

Stimulants: Amphetamines (Methamphetamine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Designer drugs: Euphoria-producing synthetic phenylethylamine

A

MDMA (Ecstasy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Depressants classification: Barbiturates (Secobarbital, Pentobarbital, Amobarbital, Phenobarbital)

A

Sedative-hypnotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Depressants classification: benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Lorazepam)

A

Minor tranquilizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Depressants: Not structurally similar to barbiturates but has similar properties

A

Methaqualone (Quaalude)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Opiates/Narcotics: Naturally occurring (Opium, Morphine, Codeine), Chemically modified (Heroin, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone)

A

Used for sedation, analgesia, anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Opiates/Narcotics classification: Fully synthetic (Meperidine, Methadone, Propoxyphene, Pentazocine, Fentanyl)

A

Pain relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary cannabinoid component of Marijuana (Cannabis sativa)

A

THC; major urinary metabolite: THC-COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structurally similar to serotonin, produces panic reactions and undulating vision

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tricyclic compound with paradoxical symptoms

A

Phencyclidine (PCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Used as anesthetic for short surgical procedures in pediatric medicine

A

Ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Derivatives of serotonin with hallucinogenic properties

A

Tryptamines (e.g., dimethyltryptamine, psilocin/psilocybin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Produce effects similar to amphetamines

A

Piperazines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychoactive designer drugs that produce amphetamine- or cocaine-like effects, can give false positive meth result

A

Synthetic cathinones (Bath salts)

20
Q

Used as sleep aids

A

Non-benzodiazepine agents (e.g., Zolpidem, Zopiclone)

21
Q

CNS depressants used in pain management of musculoskeletal conditions

A

Muscle relaxants (e.g., Carisoprodol, Meprobamate)

22
Q

Most commonly abused substance in the world, chronic exposure associated with toxic hepatitis and cirrhosis

A

Ethanol

23
Q

Subclinical impairment, no obvious impairment

A

0.01-0.05% w/v BAC

24
Q

Mild euphoria, some impairment of motor skills

A

0.03-0.12% w/v BAC

25
Q

Legal intoxication in the US

A

> 0.1% w/v BAC

26
Q

Loss of critical judgment, memory impairment

A

0.09-0.25% w/v BAC

27
Q

Mental confusion, strongly impaired motor skills

A

0.18-0.30% w/v BAC

28
Q

Impaired consciousness

A

0.27-0.40% w/v BAC

29
Q

Complete unconsciousness, deep, possibly fatal coma

A

0.35-0.50% w/v BAC

30
Q

Respiratory arrest

A

> 0.45% BAC

31
Q

Enzymatic method for ethanol detection: Ethanol + NAD ADH → acetaldehyde + NADH

A

UV

32
Q

Reference method for ethanol detection

A

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)

33
Q

Method for ethanol detection, measures osmolal gap

A

Osmometry

34
Q

Causes acidosis, blindness, and death due to formaldehyde and formic acid formation

A

Methanol

35
Q

Produces severe, acute ethanol-like symptoms that persist for a long period

A

Isopropanol

36
Q

Causes severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage

A

Ethylene glycol

37
Q

245x greater affinity for Hb compared to oxygen, shifts oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left (hypoxia)

A

Carbon monoxide

38
Q

Typical in nonsmokers COHb (%)

A

0.5% COHb

39
Q

Range of values seen in smokers COHb (%)

A

5-15% COHb

40
Q

Shortness of breath with vigorous exercise COHb (%)

A

10% COHb

41
Q

Shortness of breath with moderate exercise COHb (%)

A

20% COHb

42
Q

Severe headaches, fatigue, impairment of judgment COHb (%)

A

30% COHb

43
Q

Confusion, fainting on exertion COHb (%)

A

40-50% COHb

44
Q

Unconsciousness, respiratory failure, death with continuous exposure COHb (%)

A

60-70% COHb

45
Q

Immediately fatal COHb (%)

A

80% COHb

Clinical Chemistry (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions