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Clinical Chemistry > DISORDERS OF GLUC METABOLISM > Flashcards

DISORDERS OF GLUC METABOLISM Flashcards

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1
Q

Post-absorptive/Fasting hypoglycemia occurs after

A

10 hours without food; secondary to hyperinsulinism, hormonal deficiencies, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, or drug-induced

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2
Q

Post-prandial/Alimentary/Reactive hypoglycemia occurs

A

Usually within 4 hours after eating a meal

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3
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia appear after

A

10 hours post-prandial at 50-55 mg/dL

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4
Q

Neurogenic symptoms of hypoglycemia include

A

Tremulousness, palpitations, anxiety, diaphoresis, hunger, paresthesias

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5
Q

Neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia include

A

Dizziness, tingling, blurred vision, behavioral changes, seizure, and coma

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6
Q

Whipple’s triad of hypoglycemia includes

A

Symptoms of hypoglycemia, low plasma glucose level, relief of symptoms with correction of hypoglycemia

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7
Q

Diagnostic criteria for insulinoma include a change in glucose level

A

≥25 mg/dL under controlled fasting conditions

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8
Q

Diagnostic criteria for insulinoma: Increased insulin levels

A

≥41.7 pmol/L

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9
Q

Diagnostic criteria for insulinoma: Increased proinsulin levels

A

≥5 pmol/L

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10
Q

Diagnostic criteria for insulinoma: Increased C-peptide levels

A

≥0.2 nmol/L

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11
Q

Diagnostic criteria for insulinoma: Decreased B-hydroxybutyrate

A

≤2.7 mmol/L

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12
Q

Insulin-to-C-peptide ratio in insulinoma

A

5:1 to 15:1

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13
Q

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by

A

β cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency

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14
Q

Type 1 diabetes can be

A

Immune-mediated (autoimmune type I, juvenile) or idiopathic

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15
Q

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by

A

Insulin resistance with progressive insulin deficiency

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16
Q

Type 2 diabetes is more common in

A

Adults

17
Q

Other types of diabetes include

A

Genetic defects of β cell function, genetic defects in insulin action, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, endocrinopathies, drug- or chemical-induced, infections, uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes, other genetic syndromes

18
Q

Gestational diabetes is

A

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears post-partum but may convert to type 2 DM in 30-40% of cases within 10 years

19
Q

Type 1 diabetes accounts for

A

<10% of diabetes cases

20
Q

Type 1 diabetes usually has an onset in

A

Childhood (juvenile)

21
Q

Risk factors for Type 1 diabetes include

A

Autoimmunity (+ auto-abs), Genetic predisposition (HLA DR3 and DR4)

22
Q

Therapy for Type 1 diabetes involves

A

Insulin injection

23
Q

Ketones in Type 1 diabetes are a product of

A

Lipolysis

24
Q

Acute complication of Type 1 diabetes is

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (Increased BHA)

25
Q

Type 2 diabetes accounts for

A

> 90% of diabetes cases

26
Q

Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include

A

Family history of DM, high-risk minority population, PCOS, GDM, overweight tendencies, hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of CVD

27
Q

Therapy for Type 2 diabetes involves

A

Lifestyle changes, oral hypoglycemic agents, may require insulin

28
Q

Acute complication of Type 2 diabetes is

A

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

29
Q

Type 2 diabetes panic value is

A

≥500 mg/dL

30
Q

Lab findings in Type 2 diabetes include

A

Increased PG, serum osmolarity, urine glucose, urine specific gravity, decreased pH, sodium

31
Q

Common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes include

A

Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia (3Ps), pruritus, poor wound healing

32
Q

Long-term complications of Type 2 diabetes include

A

Microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy), Macrovascular complications (CAD, CVA)

33
Q

Nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes is characterized by

A

The earliest indicator of microalbuminuria

34
Q

Retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes can lead to

A

Blindness

35
Q

Neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes can lead to

A

Numbness, pain, and loss of sensation

36
Q

Macrovascular complications of Type 2 diabetes include

A

CAD (Myocardial infarction), CVA (stroke)

37
Q

Type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed based on

A

Presence of auto-antibodies and increased C-peptide levels

38
Q

Risk factors for gestational diabetes include

A

Obesity, age >25, family history, high-risk ethnicity (African American, Latino, Native American, etc.)

39
Q

Gestational diabetes may convert to type 2 diabetes within

A

10 years in 30-40% of cases

Clinical Chemistry (12 decks)

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