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Clinical Chemistry > Analytical Techniques and Measureme > Flashcards

Analytical Techniques and Measureme Flashcards

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1
Q

Regions in Electromagnetic Spectrum: Ultraviolet light, Visible light, Infrared

absorbance wavelengths

A

Ultraviolet light < 400 nm, Visible light 400-700 nm, Infrared > 700 nm

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2
Q

Planck’s formula for energy: E = hν

A

E = energy, h = Planck’s constant, ν = frequency

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3
Q

Relationship between wavelength (λ) and energy (E)

A

E = hc/λ, where h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light

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4
Q

Beer-Lambert’s Law: A = abc

A

ɛ = molar absorptivity; b = path length; c = concentration

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5
Q

To compute the absorbance value given the % transmittance:

A

A = -log(%T/100)

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6
Q

To determine the concentration of an unknown analyte:

A

c = A / (ɛ × b)

Abs of sample / (A STD x STD known)

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7
Q

Blank used in Spectrophotometry

A

Distilled water, reagent, or sample to subtract absorbances not due to analyte

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8
Q

Corrects absorbance caused by reagent color

A

Reagent blank

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9
Q

Subtracts absorbance from hemolysis, icterus, turbidity, or drug interference

A

Sample blank

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10
Q

Substance of known purity and concentration used to determine unknown analyte concentration

A

Standard solution

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11
Q

Contains known analyte concentrations to monitor analytical performance

A

Control solution

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12
Q

Characteristics of Control solution

A

Commutable, stable, no matrix effects, spanning clinically important range

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13
Q

Values provided by manufacturer

A

Assayed control

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14
Q

Values determined by the laboratory

A

Unassayed control

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15
Q

Checked using didymium glass or holmium oxide, directly proportional to Beer’s Law.

A

Wavelength accuracy

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16
Q

Done using glass filters and solutions that have known absorbance values.

A

Absorbance check

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17
Q

Change in concentration resulting in a straight-line calibration curve, related to Beer’s Law.

A

Linearity

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18
Q

Any wavelength outside the band of interest, detected using sharp cut-off filters.

A

Stray light

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19
Q

Sources include extraneous room light, light dispersed by a darkened lamp envelope, deteriorated optics, scratches on optical surfaces, dust particles in the light path, higher order spectra produced by diffraction gratings.

A

Sources of stray light

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20
Q

Provides polychromatic light which the sample will modify or attenuate by absorption.

A

Light source

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21
Q

UV light source; commonly used in the UV region.

A

Deuterium/Hydrogen

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22
Q

UV-visible light source.

A

Xenon/Mercury

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23
Q

Visible to near infrared light source.

A

Tungsten; LASER

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24
Q

Prevents stray light from entering the monochromator system.

A

Entrance slit

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25
Q

Effects of stray light include absorbance error and loss of linearity.

A

Stray light effects

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26
Q

Isolates a portion of the spectrum emitted by the source and focuses it on the sample.

A

Monochromator

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27
Q

Continuous, non-linear spectrum; better separation of high-frequency light.

A

Prism

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28
Q

Continuous, linear spectrum; uniform separation of wavelengths; most common.

A

Diffraction gratings

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29
Q

Controls the bandpass; allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the cuvette.

A

Exit slit

30
Q

Range of wavelengths transmitted, calculated as width at more than half the maximum transmittance.

A

Bandpass

31
Q

Sample cell; may be round or square.

A

Cuvette

32
Q

Material used for UV and IR measurement.

A

Quartz/Fused silica

33
Q

Material used for UV to visible measurements.

A

Plastic

34
Q

Material used for visible measurements only.

A

Glass

35
Q

Converts the transmitted light energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy.

A

Photodetector

36
Q

Simple photodetector type.

A

Barrier layer cell

37
Q

Requires an external voltage source for operation.

A

Phototube

38
Q

Photodetector with excellent linearity.

A

Photodiode

39
Q

Most commonly used and most sensitive photodetector; amplifies light signal.

A

Photomultiplier tube

40
Q

Processes the electrical signal, performs mathematical operations, and displays the output.

A

Readout device

41
Q

Formula used to process and display absorbance: A = 2 - log(% transmittance).

A

Absorbance readout formula

42
Q

Designed to compensate for variations in intensity of the light source by splitting the light beam.

A

Double-beam spectrophotometry

43
Q

Type of double-beam spectrophotometry where a beam splitter directs one portion of light to the sample cuvette and the other to the reference cuvette.

A

Double-beam-in-space

44
Q

Type of double-beam spectrophotometry where a chopper rotates continuously and strikes one cuvette at a time.

A

Double-beam-in-time

45
Q

Measurement of light emission caused by a chemical, biochemical, or electrochemical reaction, not by photo illumination.

A

Luminometry

46
Q

Emission of light caused by oxidation of organic compounds catalyzed by an enzyme, a metal, or hemin.

A

Chemiluminescence

47
Q

A special form of chemiluminescence where an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction produces light emission and involves the use of natural substrates.

A

Bioluminescence

48
Q

Emission of light caused by a reaction generated electrochemically on the surface of an electrode.

A

Electrochemiluminescence

49
Q

Detection of scintillations (flashes of light) using a PM tube and counting electrical impulses.

A

Scintillation Counting

50
Q

Type of scintillation counting used for detecting gamma radiation (I125 and I131).

A

Crystal scintillation (gamma counter)

51
Q

Type of scintillation counting used for detecting beta radiation (H3 and C14).

A

Liquid scintillation (Beta counter)

52
Q

Involves fragmentation and ionization of molecules, followed by separation of ions by mass-to-charge ratio.

A

Mass Spectrometry

53
Q

Mass spectrometry technique that uses MALDI for analyzing proteins and other large molecules.

A

MALDI TOF MS

54
Q

Mass spectrometry technique that combines gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for separating and analyzing compounds.

A

GCMS or HPLC-MS

55
Q

Mass spectrometry technique that uses multiple stages of mass spectrometry for detailed analysis.

A

Tandem MS (MS/MS)

56
Q

A quantitative method for determining the amount of an analyte based on isotope dilution.

A

IDMS

57
Q

Non-destructive method for determining the structure of organic compounds, used in lipoprotein particle measurements.

A

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

58
Q

Approach where specimens are pumped through a continuous tubing system at the same rate and subjected to the same analytical reactions; can result in carry-over problems.

A

Continuous flow

59
Q

Automation method using centrifugal force to transfer liquids into separate cuvets for measurement, capable of batch analysis.

A

Centrifugal analysis

60
Q

Automation method that places each sample and accompanying reagents in separate containers, allowing for batch analysis, random access, or stat capabilities.

A

Discrete analysis

61
Q

Analyzer configuration where specimens enter the analytical process one after another, and results are produced in the same order as specimens.

A

Sequential analysis

62
Q

Analyzer configuration where all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes simultaneously, in parallel.

A

Parallel analysis

63
Q

Analyzer configuration that groups many specimens in the same analytical session for analysis, handling a large number of specimens in one run.

A

Batch analysis

64
Q

Analyzer configuration that allows each specimen to be analyzed for a different set of tests and can analyze stat specimens out of sequence as needed.

A

Random-access analysis

65
Q

Type of analyzer that requires reagents to be provided in a unique container or format by the manufacturer.

A

Closed-system analyzer

66
Q

Type of analyzer that allows operators to change parameters and use reagents from various suppliers.

A

Open-system analyzer

67
Q

Testing device with advantages of reduced turnaround time and electronic documentation of testing.

A

Point of Care Testing (POCT) Devices

68
Q

Most commonly used POCT device that uses enzymatic methods coupled with photometric or electrochemical detection but should not be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

A

Blood glucose monitors (glucometers)

69
Q

SMA, Technicon is an example of

A

Continuous flow

70
Q

Cobas-Bio (Roche) is an example of

A

Centrifugal analysis

71
Q

OCD Vitros 350, Beckman Unicel DXC, Dupont ACA, Abbott Architect, Cobas 6000, Siemens Vista are examples of

A

Discrete analysis

72
Q

Point of Care Testing (POCT) Devices

A

Blood glucose monitors (glucometers)

Clinical Chemistry (12 decks)

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