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Clinical Chemistry > Electrolytes and INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

Electrolytes and INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of ADH/AVP

A

Stimulates water reabsorption

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2
Q

Function of ANP

A

Promotes sodium excretion; counteracts aldosterone

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3
Q

Stimulus for RAAS activation

A

Decreased plasma sodium or decreased blood pressure

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4
Q

Sequence of RAAS activation

A

Angiotensinogen → Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone release

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5
Q

Effect of Angiotensin II

A

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles, vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles, sodium reabsorption in PCT

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6
Q

Effect of Aldosterone release

A

Increased sodium reabsorption in DCT, increased potassium excretion

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7
Q

Site of Aldosterone release

A

Adrenal cortex

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8
Q

Electrolytes for volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)

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9
Q

Electrolytes for myocardial rhythm and neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca)

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10
Q

Electrolytes as enzyme cofactors

A

Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), Chloride (Cl)

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11
Q

Electrolyte regulating ATPase-ion pumps

A

Magnesium (Mg)

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12
Q

Electrolytes involved in blood coagulation

A

Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg)

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13
Q

Electrolytes for ATP production and glucose metabolism

A

Magnesium (Mg), Phosphate (Phos)

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14
Q

Electrolytes for acid-base balance maintenance

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3), Chloride (Cl), Potassium (K)

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15
Q

Technique used to measure light emitted by atoms following excitation by heat energy

A

Flame photometry

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16
Q

Elements traditionally determined by flame photometry

A

Na, K, Li

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17
Q

Internal standard for Na and K in flame photometry

A

Lithium

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18
Q

Internal standard for Lithium in flame photometry

A

Cesium

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19
Q

Technique used to measure the amount of light absorbed by ground state atoms

A

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

20
Q

Light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A

Hollow cathode lamp

21
Q

Reference cations for atomic absorption spectrophotometry

A

Ca, Mg

22
Q

Technique used to measure electrical potential due to the activity of free ions

A

Potentiometry

23
Q

Components of a pH electrode

A

H+-sensitive glass electrode containing Ag/AgCl (silver-silver chloride) wire in electrolyte of known pH and reference electrode (Hg/Hg2Cl2)

24
Q

Reference method for pH electrode

A

silver-silver chloride ( Hg/HgCl mercury chloride)

25
Q

Electrode used to measure pCO2

A

Severinghaus electrode (pCO2 electrode)

26
Q

Type of membrane used in severinghaus electrode

A

Membrane permeable to CO2

27
Q

Buffer used in severinghaus electrode

A

Bicarbonate buffer

28
Q

Types of electrolytes measured by ion-selective electrodes

A

Na, K, Cl, ionized Ca

29
Q

Technique used to measure the amount of electricity in coulombs at a fixed potential

A

Coulometry (Faraday’s law)

30
Q

Instrument used in serum and sweat chloride analysis

A

Cotlove chloridometer

31
Q

Measurement technique used in Cotlove chloridometer

A

Amperometry (measuring increase in conductivity)

32
Q

Interferences in Cotlove chloridometer measurement

A

Bromide, cyanide, cystine

33
Q

Technique used to measure the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Amperometry

34
Q

Electrode used to measure pO2

A

pO2 electrode (Clark electrode)

35
Q

Components of pO2 electrode

A

Platinum cathode and Ag/AgCl anode covered with gas-permeable membrane

36
Q

Function of gas-permeable membrane in pO2 electrode

A

Allows dissolved O2 to pass through

37
Q

Technique used to measure current produced at gradually increasing voltage between two electrodes

A

Polarography

38
Q

Measurement in anodic stripping voltammetry

A

Current flow as a metal is stripped off the anode of a polarographic cell

39
Q

Common applications of anodic stripping voltammetry

A

Lead and iron testing

40
Q

Technique used to measure osmolality indirectly

A

Osmometry

41
Q

Property measured in osmometers

A

Colligative properties of solution

42
Q

Effect on boiling point with 1 mole of solute

A

Increased by 0.52°C

43
Q

Effect on osmotic pressure with 1 mole of solute

A

Increased by 1.7 x 10^9 mmHg

44
Q

Effect on freezing point with 1 mole of solute

A

Decreased by 1.86°C (most commonly used freezing point osmometer)

45
Q

Effect on vapor pressure with 1 mole of solute

A

Decreased by 0.3 mmHg at 25°C

46
Q

Effect of colligative properties on osmolality

A

Increased osmolality

Clinical Chemistry (35 decks)

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