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Clinical Chemistry > Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers that regulate target cells; produced at one site, act at distant sites

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Type of hormones: Water-soluble, no carrier protein

A

Proteins/Peptides

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3
Q

Examples of glycoproteins

A

FSH, LH, TSH, hCG

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4
Q

Examples of polypeptides

A

ACTH, GH, PRL, ADH, oxytocin, PTH, calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, gastrin

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5
Q

Type of hormones: Synthesized from cholesterol, lipid-soluble, require carrier protein

A

Steroids

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6
Q

Examples of adrenocortical hormones

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, DHEA

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7
Q

Examples of gonadal hormones

A

Estrogens, Progesterone, Testosterone

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8
Q

Type of hormones: Synthesized from tyrosine

A

Amines

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9
Q

Thyroid hormones: Behavior and half-life

A

Behave like steroids; half-life 7-10 days

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10
Q

Catecholamines: Behavior and half-life

A

Behave like protein hormones; half-life <1 minute

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11
Q

Examples of amine hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4), T3, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

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12
Q

Type of feedback where a releasing factor stimulates pituitary hormones

A

Positive feedback

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13
Q

Type of feedback where target hormone inhibits pituitary and hypothalamus hormones

A

Negative feedback

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14
Q

HPT axis sequence of stimulation

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Pituitary gland -> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3/T4

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15
Q

Hormonal change in disrupted negative feedback

A

Elevated T3/T4 leading to inhibition of TRH and TSH secretion

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16
Q

Defect in target organs like adrenal cortex, thyroid, or gonads

A

Primary disorder

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17
Q

Defect in anterior pituitary causing hormonal imbalance

A

Secondary disorder

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18
Q

Rare defect in the hypothalamus affecting hormone secretion

A

Tertiary disorder

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19
Q

Examples of tropic hormones in the HPT axis

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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20
Q

Stimulatory feedback process in thyroid hormone production

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Anterior Pituitary -> Thyroid -> T4/T3 production

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21
Q

Feedback process where T3/T4 inhibits anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Negative feedback

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22
Q

Function of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation

A

Stimulates pituitary glands and regulates its secretions

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23
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates ACTH secretion

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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24
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates FSH and LH secretion

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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25
Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates GH secretion
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
26
Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates TSH secretion
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
27
Hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits prolactin secretion
Dopamine (Prolactin Inhibiting Factor, PIF)
28
Hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits GH and TSH secretion
Somatostatin
29
Releasing hormone that stimulates adrenal gland targeting ACTH secretion
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
30
Releasing hormone that stimulates FSH and LH secretion
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
31
Inhibitory hormone that blocks prolactin secretion from pituitary gland
Dopamine (PIF)
32
Role of somatostatin in hormone regulation
Inhibits GH and TSH secretion
33
Role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system
Master gland that distributes commands to other tissues
34
Type of signal interpreted by the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
35
Feedback type where stimulation is successful
Positive feedback
36
Feedback type indicating unsuccessful regulation
Negative feedback
37
Pathway from hypothalamus to thyroid hormone production
Hypothalamus (releases) -> TRH -> Pituitary gland (Stimulates)-> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3/T4
38
Condition resulting from continuous T3/T4 production due to negative feedback failure
Hyperthyroidism
39
Hormone with diurnal variation secreted by the pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
40
Connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
41
Endocrine systems independent of the pituitary gland
RAAS, Glucose-insulin axis, Ca-PTH axis
42
Five cell types of the anterior pituitary gland
Somatotrophs (GH), Lactotrophs (PRL), Thyrotrophs (TSH), Gonadotrophs (FSH and LH), Corticotrophs (ACTH)
43
Hormone types targeting another endocrine gland
Tropic hormones
44
Hormones produced under the influence of LH
Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
45
Processes stimulated by FSH
Folliculogenesis (egg cell development), Spermatogenesis (sperm production)
46
Hormones classified as direct effectors
Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL)
47
Function of prolactin
Milk production and inhibition of GnRH
48
Condition caused by a prolactin-secreting tumor
Prolactinoma
49
Endocrine-tropic hormones
(FLAT) FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
50
FSH target organs and function
Gonads: follicle development, estrogen secretion, sperm production
51
LH target organs and function
Gonads: stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone/testosterone
52
ACTH target organ and function
Adrenal cortex: stimulates release of cortisol
53
TSH target organ and function
Thyroid: stimulates release of thyroid hormones
54
Conditions with secondary hypo/hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones
Affects FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH secretion
55
PRL (Prolactin) target organ and function
Breasts: milk production
56
Conditions causing hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma, stress, coitus, pregnancy, nipple stimulation
57
GH (Growth Hormone) target organs and function
Whole body: growth of muscles and long bones, stimulates IGF-1 release
58
Excess GH in children results in
Gigantism
59
Excess GH in adults results in
Acromegaly
60
Decreased GH levels result in
Dwarfism
61
Synthesized in liver in response to GH, mediates metabolic actions of GH, negatively feeds back on pituitary to inhibit GH secretion
IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1)/Somatomedin C
62
Stimulators of GH secretion
Sleep, hypoglycemia/fasting, exercise/physiologic stress, amino acids (e.g., arginine), sex steroids (e.g., estradiol), a-agonists (e.g., norepinephrine), b-blockers (e.g., propranolol)
63
Inhibitors of GH secretion
Insulin deficiency, glucose loading (confirmatory for acromegaly), emotional/psychogenic stress, nutritional deficiencies, thyroxine deficiency/hypothyroidism, B-antagonists (e.g., epinephrine), a-blockers (e.g., phentolamine)
64
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)
65
Lactation, labor induction, maternal nurturing behavior, mother-infant bonding
Oxytocin
66
Oxytocin Clinical Use
Pitocin for labor induction
67
Preferred diagnostic test for identifying the presence of DI
Water deprivation test
68
Regulates water reabsorption in renal tubules (CD), increases blood pressure
Vasopressin (ADH)
69
Vasopressin (ADH) Regulation
Osmoreceptors regulate secretion
70
Vasopressin Clinical Significance
↑ SIADH, ↓ DI
71
Oxytocin Target Organs
Uterus (uterine contraction), breasts (milk ejection)
72
ADH/AVP target tissues
Arterioles, Renal tubules - collecting ducts
73
secreted by the parafollicular cells; responsible for the removal of excess calcium; production is triggered by hypercalcemia
calcitonin
74
produced by follicular cells; dependent on pituitary (TSH) and hypothalamus (TRH); regulates metabolism, respiration, growth
T3 and T4
75
100% of thyroidal origin; bound to TBG (thyroid binding globulin)
T4 - tetraiodothyronine
76
20% of thyroidal origin; 80% from TBPA (Thyroxine-binding prealbumin)
T3 - triiodothyronine
77
produced by follicular cells; stored in colloid of thyroid follicles
T3 and T4
78
major components of T3 and T4
tyrosine and iodine
79
precursor stored in the lumen of thyroid gland; essential for thyroid hormone production
thyroglobulin
80
gland located on each side of the trachea, shaped like a butterfly; connected by isthmus
thyroid gland
81
glycoprotein produced by thyroid follicular cells; stored in colloid of follicles
thyroglobulin
82
70% of T4 is bound to TBG (thyroid-binding globulin), 20% to TBPA (thyroxine-binding prealbumin), 10% to albumin
bound T4
83
80% of T3 is bound to TBPA (thyroxine-binding prealbumin)
bound T3
84
free forms: 0.04% of T4 and 0.4% of T3
free thyroid hormones
85
process of T4 in nonthyroidal tissues converts it to T3
monodeiodination
86
Follicles are spheres of thyroid cells surrounded by colloid containing thyroglobulin
thyroid follicles
87
parafollicular cells produce this hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis
calcitonin
88
Regulates oxygen consumption, heat production, growth, sexual maturity, and metabolism
Thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3’–Triiodothyronine (T3)
89
This type is ↓TSH, ↑T4 and T3 with associated with Grave's disease thyroid levels
Primary hyperthyroidism
90
Hyperthyroidism in T3-related thyrotoxicosis levels of hormone
↓TSH, normal T4, and ↑T3
91
This is due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis, cretinism, and congenital defect
Primary hypothyroidism
92
Form of T3 with wrong iodine removed at position 5, ↑ in non-thyroidal illness/Euthyroid sick syndrome
Reverse T3 (3,3’,5’-Triiodothyronine)
93
Regulation of calcium levels; tumor marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma
Calcitonin

Clinical Chemistry (43 decks)

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