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Clinical Chemistry > Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers that regulate target cells; produced at one site, act at distant sites

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Type of hormones: Water-soluble, no carrier protein

A

Proteins/Peptides

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3
Q

Examples of glycoproteins

A

FSH, LH, TSH, hCG

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4
Q

Examples of polypeptides

A

ACTH, GH, PRL, ADH, oxytocin, PTH, calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, gastrin

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5
Q

Type of hormones: Synthesized from cholesterol, lipid-soluble, require carrier protein

A

Steroids

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6
Q

Examples of adrenocortical hormones

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, DHEA

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7
Q

Examples of gonadal hormones

A

Estrogens, Progesterone, Testosterone

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8
Q

Type of hormones: Synthesized from tyrosine

A

Amines

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9
Q

Thyroid hormones: Behavior and half-life

A

Behave like steroids; half-life 7-10 days

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10
Q

Catecholamines: Behavior and half-life

A

Behave like protein hormones; half-life <1 minute

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11
Q

Examples of amine hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4), T3, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

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12
Q

Type of feedback where a releasing factor stimulates pituitary hormones

A

Positive feedback

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13
Q

Type of feedback where target hormone inhibits pituitary and hypothalamus hormones

A

Negative feedback

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14
Q

HPT axis sequence of stimulation

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Pituitary gland -> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3/T4

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15
Q

Hormonal change in disrupted negative feedback

A

Elevated T3/T4 leading to inhibition of TRH and TSH secretion

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16
Q

Defect in target organs like adrenal cortex, thyroid, or gonads

A

Primary disorder

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17
Q

Defect in anterior pituitary causing hormonal imbalance

A

Secondary disorder

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18
Q

Rare defect in the hypothalamus affecting hormone secretion

A

Tertiary disorder

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19
Q

Examples of tropic hormones in the HPT axis

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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20
Q

Stimulatory feedback process in thyroid hormone production

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Anterior Pituitary -> Thyroid -> T4/T3 production

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21
Q

Feedback process where T3/T4 inhibits anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Negative feedback

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22
Q

Function of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation

A

Stimulates pituitary glands and regulates its secretions

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23
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates ACTH secretion

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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24
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates FSH and LH secretion

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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25
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates GH secretion

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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26
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates TSH secretion

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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27
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine (Prolactin Inhibiting Factor, PIF)

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28
Q

Hormone from hypothalamus that inhibits GH and TSH secretion

A

Somatostatin

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29
Q

Releasing hormone that stimulates adrenal gland targeting ACTH secretion

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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30
Q

Releasing hormone that stimulates FSH and LH secretion

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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31
Q

Inhibitory hormone that blocks prolactin secretion from pituitary gland

A

Dopamine (PIF)

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32
Q

Role of somatostatin in hormone regulation

A

Inhibits GH and TSH secretion

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33
Q

Role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system

A

Master gland that distributes commands to other tissues

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34
Q

Type of signal interpreted by the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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35
Q

Feedback type where stimulation is successful

A

Positive feedback

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36
Q

Feedback type indicating unsuccessful regulation

A

Negative feedback

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37
Q

Pathway from hypothalamus to thyroid hormone production

A

Hypothalamus (releases) -> TRH -> Pituitary gland (Stimulates)-> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3/T4

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38
Q

Condition resulting from continuous T3/T4 production due to negative feedback failure

A

Hyperthyroidism

39
Q

Hormone with diurnal variation secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

40
Q

Connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

41
Q

Endocrine systems independent of the pituitary gland

A

RAAS, Glucose-insulin axis, Ca-PTH axis

42
Q

Five cell types of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Somatotrophs (GH), Lactotrophs (PRL), Thyrotrophs (TSH), Gonadotrophs (FSH and LH), Corticotrophs (ACTH)

43
Q

Hormone types targeting another endocrine gland

A

Tropic hormones

44
Q

Hormones produced under the influence of LH

A

Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

45
Q

Processes stimulated by FSH

A

Folliculogenesis (egg cell development), Spermatogenesis (sperm production)

46
Q

Hormones classified as direct effectors

A

Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL)

47
Q

Function of prolactin

A

Milk production and inhibition of GnRH

48
Q

Condition caused by a prolactin-secreting tumor

A

Prolactinoma

49
Q

Endocrine-tropic hormones

A

(FLAT) FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

50
Q

FSH target organs and function

A

Gonads: follicle development, estrogen secretion, sperm production

51
Q

LH target organs and function

A

Gonads: stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone/testosterone

52
Q

ACTH target organ and function

A

Adrenal cortex: stimulates release of cortisol

53
Q

TSH target organ and function

A

Thyroid: stimulates release of thyroid hormones

54
Q

Conditions with secondary hypo/hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Affects FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH secretion

55
Q

PRL (Prolactin) target organ and function

A

Breasts: milk production

56
Q

Conditions causing hyperprolactinemia

A

Prolactinoma, stress, coitus, pregnancy, nipple stimulation

57
Q

GH (Growth Hormone) target organs and function

A

Whole body: growth of muscles and long bones, stimulates IGF-1 release

58
Q

Excess GH in children results in

59
Q

Excess GH in adults results in

A

Acromegaly

60
Q

Decreased GH levels result in

61
Q

Synthesized in liver in response to GH, mediates metabolic actions of GH, negatively feeds back on pituitary to inhibit GH secretion

A

IGF-1 (Insulin-like growth factor 1)/Somatomedin C

62
Q

Stimulators of GH secretion

A

Sleep, hypoglycemia/fasting, exercise/physiologic stress, amino acids (e.g., arginine), sex steroids (e.g., estradiol), a-agonists (e.g., norepinephrine), b-blockers (e.g., propranolol)

63
Q

Inhibitors of GH secretion

A

Insulin deficiency, glucose loading (confirmatory for acromegaly), emotional/psychogenic stress, nutritional deficiencies, thyroxine
deficiency/hypothyroidism, B-antagonists (e.g., epinephrine), a-blockers (e.g., phentolamine)

64
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

65
Q

Lactation, labor induction, maternal nurturing behavior, mother-infant bonding

66
Q

Oxytocin Clinical Use

A

Pitocin for labor induction

67
Q

Preferred diagnostic test for identifying the presence of DI

A

Water deprivation test

68
Q

Regulates water reabsorption in renal tubules (CD), increases blood pressure

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

69
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) Regulation

A

Osmoreceptors regulate secretion

70
Q

Vasopressin Clinical Significance

A

↑ SIADH, ↓ DI

71
Q

Oxytocin Target Organs

A

Uterus (uterine contraction), breasts (milk ejection)

72
Q

ADH/AVP target tissues

A

Arterioles, Renal tubules - collecting ducts

73
Q

secreted by the parafollicular cells; responsible for the removal of excess calcium; production is triggered by hypercalcemia

A

calcitonin

74
Q

produced by follicular cells; dependent on pituitary (TSH) and hypothalamus (TRH); regulates metabolism, respiration, growth

75
Q

100% of thyroidal origin; bound to TBG (thyroid binding globulin)

A

T4 - tetraiodothyronine

76
Q

20% of thyroidal origin; 80% from TBPA (Thyroxine-binding prealbumin)

A

T3 - triiodothyronine

77
Q

produced by follicular cells; stored in colloid of thyroid follicles

78
Q

major components of T3 and T4

A

tyrosine and iodine

79
Q

precursor stored in the lumen of thyroid gland; essential for thyroid hormone production

A

thyroglobulin

80
Q

gland located on each side of the trachea, shaped like a butterfly; connected by isthmus

A

thyroid gland

81
Q

glycoprotein produced by thyroid follicular cells; stored in colloid of follicles

A

thyroglobulin

82
Q

70% of T4 is bound to TBG (thyroid-binding globulin), 20% to TBPA (thyroxine-binding prealbumin), 10% to albumin

83
Q

80% of T3 is bound to TBPA (thyroxine-binding prealbumin)

84
Q

free forms: 0.04% of T4 and 0.4% of T3

A

free thyroid hormones

85
Q

process of T4 in nonthyroidal tissues converts it to T3

A

monodeiodination

86
Q

Follicles are spheres of thyroid cells surrounded by colloid containing thyroglobulin

A

thyroid follicles

87
Q

parafollicular cells produce this hormone that regulates calcium homeostasis

A

calcitonin

88
Q

Regulates oxygen consumption, heat production, growth, sexual maturity, and metabolism

A

Thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3’–Triiodothyronine (T3)

89
Q

This type is ↓TSH, ↑T4 and T3 with associated with Grave’s disease thyroid levels

A

Primary hyperthyroidism

90
Q

Hyperthyroidism in T3-related thyrotoxicosis levels of hormone

A

↓TSH, normal T4, and ↑T3

91
Q

This is due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, cretinism, and congenital defect

A

Primary hypothyroidism

92
Q

Form of T3 with wrong iodine removed at position 5, ↑ in non-thyroidal illness/Euthyroid sick syndrome

A

Reverse T3 (3,3’,5’-Triiodothyronine)

93
Q

Regulation of calcium levels; tumor marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Calcitonin

Clinical Chemistry (43 decks)

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