Carbohydrates Introduction

Question 1

Hormone that lowers plasma glucose levels

Answer 1

Insulin (Hypoglycemic agent)

Question 2

Main function of insulin

Answer 2

Primary hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose

Question 3

Where is insulin synthesized?

Answer 3

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Question 4

How does insulin regulate blood glucose?

Answer 4

By increasing glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and decreasing glycogenolysis

Question 5

Insulin’s relationship with glucagon

Answer 5

Reciprocal relationship

Question 6

Hormone that increases blood glucose levels

Answer 6

Glucagon (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 7

Where is glucagon synthesized?

Answer 7

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Question 8

How does glucagon regulate blood glucose?

Answer 8

By increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 9

When is glucagon released?

Answer 9

During stress and fasting states

Question 10

Hormone released in response to ACTH and stress, and increases blood glucose

Answer 10

Epinephrine (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 11

Where is epinephrine produced?

Answer 11

Adrenal medulla

Question 12

Effects of epinephrine on insulin and glucose metabolism

Answer 12

Inhibits insulin secretion, increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Question 13

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose

Answer 13

Cortisol (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 14

Effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism

Answer 14

Decreases interstitial entry of glucose into the cell, increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

Question 15

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose

Answer 15

Growth hormone (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 16

Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism

Answer 16

Decreases glucose entry to cells and increases glycolysis

Question 17

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose

Answer 17

Thyroxine (T4) (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 18

Function of T4 in glucose metabolism

Answer 18

Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption

Question 19

Hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas and hypothalamus that increases plasma glucose

Answer 19

Somatostatin (Hyperglycemic agent)

Question 20

Effects of somatostatin on glucose metabolism

Answer 20

Increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, etc.

Question 21

Hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels

Answer 21

Insulin

Question 22

Primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels

Answer 22

Glucagon

Question 23

Hormone that regulates blood glucose by promoting glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and inhibiting glycogenolysis

Answer 23

Insulin

Question 24

Hormone that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels

Answer 24

Glucagon

Question 25

Hormone released during stress and fasting states to increase blood glucose

Answer 25

Glucagon

Question 26

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to ACTH to increase blood glucose

Answer 26

Epinephrine

Question 27

Hormone released during physical and emotional stress, inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 27

Epinephrine

Question 28

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

Answer 28

Cortisol

Question 29

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose by inhibiting glucose entry into cells and promoting glycolysis

Answer 29

Growth hormone

Question 30

Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose by promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption

Answer 30

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 31

Hormone with 4 iodine molecules that increases plasma glucose levels

Answer 31

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 32

Hormone produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans and hypothalamus that inhibits insulin, glucagon, and GH, increasing plasma glucose

Answer 32

Somatostatin

Question 33

Glucose undergoes cellular uptake to form glycogen via

Answer 33

Glycogenesis

Question 34

Glycogen is converted to G6PO4 for breakdown to energy via

Answer 34

Glycolysis

Question 35

Glycolysis produces Pyruvate, which in the presence of oxygen forms

Answer 35

Acetyl CoA

Question 36

Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce energy in the form of

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

Acetyl CoA can be converted into fatty acids and glycerol to form

Answer 37

TAG (Triacylglycerol)

Question 38

TAG undergoes lipolysis to release fatty acids which are converted back into Acetyl CoA and enter

Answer 38

TCA cycle

Question 39

Glucose enters the cell and is converted to

Answer 39

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

Question 40

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to

Answer 40

Glycogen (via Glycogenesis)

Question 41

Glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate by

Answer 41

Glycogenolysis

Question 42

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to pyruvate through

Answer 42

Glycolysis

Question 43

Pyruvate in the presence of oxygen is converted to

Answer 43

Acetyl CoA

Question 44

Acetyl CoA enters the

Answer 44

TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 45

The TCA cycle produces

Answer 45

ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Question 46

Acetyl CoA can also be used for

Answer 46

Fatty acid synthesis

Question 47

Fatty acids and glycerol form

Answer 47

TAG (Triacylglycerol)

Question 48

TAG undergoes lipolysis to release

Answer 48

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 49

Fatty acids are converted to

Answer 49

Acetyl CoA for entry into TCA cycle

Question 50

Insulin promotes

Answer 50

Cellular uptake of glucose, lipogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenesis

Question 51

Insulin inhibits

Answer 51

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

Question 52

Glucagon promotes

Answer 52

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 53

Somatostatin regulates

Answer 53

Paracrine regulation of insulin and glucagon

Question 54

Cortisol promotes

Answer 54

Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Question 55

Epinephrine promotes

Answer 55

Glycogenolysis, lipolysis

Question 56

ACTH stimulates

Answer 56

Cortisol secretion, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 57

Growth hormone (GH) prevents

Answer 57

Cellular uptake of glucose, glycolysis

Question 58

Thyroxine promotes

Answer 58

Intestinal absorption of glucose, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 59

HPL (Human placental lactogen) is homologous to

Answer 59

Growth hormone; implicated in gestational diabetes