Carbohydrates Introduction Flashcards
Hormone that lowers plasma glucose levels
Insulin (Hypoglycemic agent)
Main function of insulin
Primary hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose
Where is insulin synthesized?
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
How does insulin regulate blood glucose?
By increasing glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and decreasing glycogenolysis
Insulin’s relationship with glucagon
Reciprocal relationship
Hormone that increases blood glucose levels
Glucagon (Hyperglycemic agent)
Where is glucagon synthesized?
Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
How does glucagon regulate blood glucose?
By increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
When is glucagon released?
During stress and fasting states
Hormone released in response to ACTH and stress, and increases blood glucose
Epinephrine (Hyperglycemic agent)
Where is epinephrine produced?
Adrenal medulla
Effects of epinephrine on insulin and glucose metabolism
Inhibits insulin secretion, increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose
Cortisol (Hyperglycemic agent)
Effects of cortisol on glucose metabolism
Decreases interstitial entry of glucose into the cell, increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis
Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose
Growth hormone (Hyperglycemic agent)
Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism
Decreases glucose entry to cells and increases glycolysis
Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose
Thyroxine (T4) (Hyperglycemic agent)
Function of T4 in glucose metabolism
Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption
Hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas and hypothalamus that increases plasma glucose
Somatostatin (Hyperglycemic agent)
Effects of somatostatin on glucose metabolism
Increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, etc.
Hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels
Insulin
Primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Hormone that regulates blood glucose by promoting glycogenesis, glycolysis, and lipogenesis, and inhibiting glycogenolysis
Insulin
Hormone that promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Hormone released during stress and fasting states to increase blood glucose
Glucagon
Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to ACTH to increase blood glucose
Epinephrine
Hormone released during physical and emotional stress, inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Epinephrine
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases plasma glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis
Cortisol
Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that increases plasma glucose by inhibiting glucose entry into cells and promoting glycolysis
Growth hormone
Hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases plasma glucose by promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose intestinal absorption
Thyroxine (T4)
Hormone with 4 iodine molecules that increases plasma glucose levels
Thyroxine (T4)
Hormone produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans and hypothalamus that inhibits insulin, glucagon, and GH, increasing plasma glucose
Somatostatin
Glucose undergoes cellular uptake to form glycogen via
Glycogenesis
Glycogen is converted to G6PO4 for breakdown to energy via
Glycolysis
Glycolysis produces Pyruvate, which in the presence of oxygen forms
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce energy in the form of
ATP
Acetyl CoA can be converted into fatty acids and glycerol to form
TAG (Triacylglycerol)
TAG undergoes lipolysis to release fatty acids which are converted back into Acetyl CoA and enter
TCA cycle
Glucose enters the cell and is converted to
Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to
Glycogen (via Glycogenesis)
Glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate by
Glycogenolysis
Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to pyruvate through
Glycolysis
Pyruvate in the presence of oxygen is converted to
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA enters the
TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)
The TCA cycle produces
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Acetyl CoA can also be used for
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acids and glycerol form
TAG (Triacylglycerol)
TAG undergoes lipolysis to release
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids are converted to
Acetyl CoA for entry into TCA cycle
Insulin promotes
Cellular uptake of glucose, lipogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenesis
Insulin inhibits
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis
Glucagon promotes
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Somatostatin regulates
Paracrine regulation of insulin and glucagon
Cortisol promotes
Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis
Epinephrine promotes
Glycogenolysis, lipolysis
ACTH stimulates
Cortisol secretion, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
Growth hormone (GH) prevents
Cellular uptake of glucose, glycolysis
Thyroxine promotes
Intestinal absorption of glucose, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
HPL (Human placental lactogen) is homologous to
Growth hormone; implicated in gestational diabetes
