Miscellaneous and Abnormal levels of Proteins Flashcards
Increased protein loss conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, blood loss, and extensive burns
Hypoproteinemia
Caused by malnutrition or malabsorption, including types such as undernutrition, inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, and diet-related diseases
Hypoproteinemia
Decreased protein synthesis due to liver diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis
Hypoproteinemia
Increased protein catabolism in conditions like infection, inflammation, burns, or trauma (decreased Albumin, increased α1 and α2)
Hypoproteinemia
Proteins that increase in inflammation including α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α1-antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, and CRP
Positive APRs
Proteins that decrease during inflammation including pre-albumin, RBP, albumin, transferrin, and antithrombin
Negative APRs
Immunodeficiency disorders characterized by reduced or absent gamma globulins
Hypogammaglobulinemia or Agammaglobulinemia
Monoclonal gammopathy diseases such as multiple myeloma (IgG) and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (IgM, tall gamma peak)
Hyperproteinemia
Caused by dehydration leading to a relative increase in protein concentration
Hyperproteinemia
Oxygen carrier in muscles, cardiac marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), earliest to increase in case of acute MI, increases 2-3 hours of onset, peaks at 8-12 hours, increases in crushing injury and muscle dystrophy
Myoglobin
Cardiac marker for acute coronary syndrome
Troponin (cTn)
Neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure, marker for congestive heart failure
Brain Natriuretic peptide
Cellular interaction (e.g. cell adhesion), adherence of the placenta to the uterus, increases in preterm labor and delivery
Fetal fibronectin (fFN)
Proteolytic fragment of collagen, biochemical marker of bone resorption (destruction)
Cross-Linked C-Telopeptides
Synonym: Prostaglandin D synthase, marker for CSF leakage (e.g. head injuries), increases with damage in the blood-brain barrier
β-Trace Protein
Cysteine proteinase inhibitor, serum marker for glomerular filtration rate (kidney function), used for diabetes mellitus patients
Cystatin C
Fibrous protein aggregates formed from alteration of β pleated sheaths, increases in amyloidosis, differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, low Aβ42 with high Tau proteins
Amyloid
Condition characterized by cirrhosis with β-γ bridging
Hepatic damage
Condition characterized by hepatitis with increased γ-globulins
Hepatic damage
Condition characterized by obstructive jaundice with increased α2-globulins
Hepatic damage
Burns, trauma, and infections causing increased α2-globulins
Burns and trauma
Acute infections causing increased
α1 and α2-globulins
Chronic infections causing increased
α1, α2, and γ-globulins
Malabsorption or inadequate diet causing increased
α2 and β-globulins but decreased γ-globulins
Immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by decreased levels of what protein bands?
Decreased total protein and globulin levels
Salt retention syndrome causing a decrease in
Albumin, globulins, and total protein
Nephrotic syndrome characteristic of protein band
Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased γ-globulin
Protein-losing enteropathy protein band characteristic
Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased globulin band
Hepatic cirrhosis protein band characteristics
Polyclonal gammopathy, β-γ bridging
Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2 is a feature of
Immediate response pattern - acute inflammation
Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2, increased γ-globulin
Delayed response pattern - chronic inflammation
Hypogammaglobulinemia pattern
Decreased γ-globulin
Increased albumin and increased γ-globulin
Paraprotein - monoclonal gammopathy
Detected sooner than troponin but not cardiac specific; negative predictor of AMI
Myoglobin
Gold standard marker for ACS with sustained elevation
Cardiac troponins
Marker that has greater cardiac specificity than TnT
TnI
Structurally related neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure
Natriuretic peptides BNP and NT-proBNP
Markers used in cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate
Cystatin C and β Trace Protein
Endogenous marker of GFR; correlates with serum cystatin C and urine microproteins; not influenced by glucocorticoid therapy
β Trace Protein
Biomarker of bacteremia and sepsis; increases early in infection and has greater specificity for infection than CRP
Procalcitonin
Plasma FN used as a marker for nutritional status and demonstrates cellular interactions like adhesion, differentiation, and wound healing
Fibronectin
Inverse correlation with BMI; decreased levels indicate increased risk of metabolic syndrome
Adiponectin
Biochemical marker of bone resorption and osteoporosis; proteolytic fragment of collagen I
Cross-linked C Telopeptides
Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease characterized by what proteins
Neuronal thread protein, Amyloid β42, Tau protein (increased NTP, decreased Aβ42, and increased Tau proteins)
