Miscellaneous and Abnormal levels of Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Increased protein loss conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, blood loss, and extensive burns

A

Hypoproteinemia

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2
Q

Caused by malnutrition or malabsorption, including types such as undernutrition, inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, and diet-related diseases

A

Hypoproteinemia

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3
Q

Decreased protein synthesis due to liver diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis

A

Hypoproteinemia

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4
Q

Increased protein catabolism in conditions like infection, inflammation, burns, or trauma (decreased Albumin, increased α1 and α2)

A

Hypoproteinemia

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5
Q

Proteins that increase in inflammation including α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α1-antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, and CRP

A

Positive APRs

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6
Q

Proteins that decrease during inflammation including pre-albumin, RBP, albumin, transferrin, and antithrombin

A

Negative APRs

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7
Q

Immunodeficiency disorders characterized by reduced or absent gamma globulins

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia or Agammaglobulinemia

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8
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy diseases such as multiple myeloma (IgG) and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (IgM, tall gamma peak)

A

Hyperproteinemia

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9
Q

Caused by dehydration leading to a relative increase in protein concentration

A

Hyperproteinemia

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10
Q

Oxygen carrier in muscles, cardiac marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), earliest to increase in case of acute MI, increases 2-3 hours of onset, peaks at 8-12 hours, increases in crushing injury and muscle dystrophy

A

Myoglobin

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11
Q

Cardiac marker for acute coronary syndrome

A

Troponin (cTn)

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12
Q

Neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure, marker for congestive heart failure

A

Brain Natriuretic peptide

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13
Q

Cellular interaction (e.g. cell adhesion), adherence of the placenta to the uterus, increases in preterm labor and delivery

A

Fetal fibronectin (fFN)

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14
Q

Proteolytic fragment of collagen, biochemical marker of bone resorption (destruction)

A

Cross-Linked C-Telopeptides

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15
Q

Synonym: Prostaglandin D synthase, marker for CSF leakage (e.g. head injuries), increases with damage in the blood-brain barrier

A

β-Trace Protein

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16
Q

Cysteine proteinase inhibitor, serum marker for glomerular filtration rate (kidney function), used for diabetes mellitus patients

A

Cystatin C

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17
Q

Fibrous protein aggregates formed from alteration of β pleated sheaths, increases in amyloidosis, differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, low Aβ42 with high Tau proteins

A

Amyloid

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18
Q

Condition characterized by cirrhosis with β-γ bridging

A

Hepatic damage

19
Q

Condition characterized by hepatitis with increased γ-globulins

A

Hepatic damage

20
Q

Condition characterized by obstructive jaundice with increased α2-globulins

A

Hepatic damage

21
Q

Burns, trauma, and infections causing increased α2-globulins

A

Burns and trauma

22
Q

Acute infections causing increased

A

α1 and α2-globulins

23
Q

Chronic infections causing increased

A

α1, α2, and γ-globulins

24
Q

Malabsorption or inadequate diet causing increased

A

α2 and β-globulins but decreased γ-globulins

25
Immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by decreased levels of what protein bands?
Decreased total protein and globulin levels
26
Salt retention syndrome causing a decrease in
Albumin, globulins, and total protein
27
Nephrotic syndrome characteristic of protein band
Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased γ-globulin
28
Protein-losing enteropathy protein band characteristic
Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased globulin band
29
Hepatic cirrhosis protein band characteristics
Polyclonal gammopathy, β-γ bridging
30
Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2 is a feature of
Immediate response pattern - acute inflammation
31
Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2, increased γ-globulin
Delayed response pattern - chronic inflammation
32
Hypogammaglobulinemia pattern
Decreased γ-globulin
33
Increased albumin and increased γ-globulin
Paraprotein - monoclonal gammopathy
34
Detected sooner than troponin but not cardiac specific; negative predictor of AMI
Myoglobin
35
Gold standard marker for ACS with sustained elevation
Cardiac troponins
36
Marker that has greater cardiac specificity than TnT
TnI
37
Structurally related neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure
Natriuretic peptides BNP and NT-proBNP
38
Markers used in cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate
Cystatin C and β Trace Protein
39
Endogenous marker of GFR; correlates with serum cystatin C and urine microproteins; not influenced by glucocorticoid therapy
β Trace Protein
40
Biomarker of bacteremia and sepsis; increases early in infection and has greater specificity for infection than CRP
Procalcitonin
41
Plasma FN used as a marker for nutritional status and demonstrates cellular interactions like adhesion, differentiation, and wound healing
Fibronectin
42
Inverse correlation with BMI; decreased levels indicate increased risk of metabolic syndrome
Adiponectin
43
Biochemical marker of bone resorption and osteoporosis; proteolytic fragment of collagen I
Cross-linked C Telopeptides
44
Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease characterized by what proteins
Neuronal thread protein, Amyloid β42, Tau protein (increased NTP, decreased Aβ42, and increased Tau proteins)