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Clinical Chemistry > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

Factor determining net charge and electrophoretic mobility

A

Acidic and basic amino acid monomers

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3
Q

Definition of isoelectric point (pI)

A

pH at which protein has net charge equal to zero

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4
Q

Solubility of proteins at pI

A

Lowest solubility

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5
Q

Effect of charge on protein solubility

A

Hydrophilic and more soluble when charged

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6
Q

Approximate nitrogen content of plasma proteins

A

0.16

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7
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

Number and types of amino acids in a sequence

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8
Q

Secondary structure of proteins

A

Regularly repeating structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Tertiary structure of proteins

A

Overall shape or conformation of the protein molecule

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10
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

Interaction of more than one protein molecule or subunit

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11
Q

Electrophoresis buffer pH used in protein electrophoresis

A

pH 8.6

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12
Q

Direction of protein migration in electrophoresis

A

Toward the anode (positive charge)

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13
Q

Support media used in protein electrophoresis

A

Agarose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylamide gel

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14
Q

High-resolution electrophoresis

A

Uses higher voltage, cooling system, and concentrated buffer; separates into 12+ bands

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15
Q

Stains used in protein electrophoresis

A

Coomassie brilliant blue, Ponceau S, Amido black, Lissamine green

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16
Q

Instrument used to quantitate electrophoretic pattern

A

Densitometer

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17
Q

Indicator of malnutrition

A

Prealbumin

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18
Q

Binds and transports T4 as TBPA/Transthyretin

A

Prealbumin

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19
Q

Forms a complex with retinol binding protein

A

Prealbumin

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20
Q

Forms a distinct band in CSF

A

Prealbumin

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21
Q

Most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

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22
Q

Low albumin leads to low osmotic pressure causing

A

edema

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23
Q

Major contributor to plasma oncotic and osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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24
Q

General transport protein for B1, Ca, Mg, FFA, hormones, and drugs (acidic)

A

Albumin

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25
Q

Negative acute phase reactant (APR), decreased in inflammation

A

Albumin

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26
Q

Decreased levels indicates nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, malnutrition

A

Albumin

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27
Q

Absence of albumin

A

Analbuminemia

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28
Q

Two albumin bands

A

Bisalbuminemia

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29
Q

Increased in amniotic fluid in NTDs (ancephaly, spina bifida)

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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30
Q

Increased in adult serum in hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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31
Q

Protease inhibitor, 90% of α1 band

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

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32
Q

Pulmonary emphysema, juvenile hepatic cirrhosis

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency

33
Q

Caused by SERPINA1 gene mutation

A

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency

34
Q

Binds progesterone and some drugs (basic drugs)

A

Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein

35
Q

Negatively charged even in acidic pH

A

Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein

36
Q

Very high carbohydrate content

A

Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein

37
Q

Binds and inactivates PSA, positive APR

A

Alpha-1 Antichymotrypsin

38
Q

Transports vitamin D for bone formation

A

Gc-globulin/DBP

39
Q

Carries fatty acids, endotoxins, and actin binding

A

Gc-globulin/DBP

40
Q

Decreased levels may lead to abnormal calcium levels

A

Gc-globulin/DBP

41
Q

Protease inhibitor, largest non-g protein, not an APR, increased ten-fold in nephrotic syndrome, protein losing enteropathy

A

α2-Macroglobulin

42
Q

Binds hemoglobin to preserve iron, positive APR

A

Haptoglobin

43
Q

Positive APR, binds hemoglobin to preserve iron

A

Haptoglobin

44
Q

Decreased level seen in hemolytic disorders (IVH)

A

Haptoglobin

45
Q

Positive APR, copper binding protein with oxidase activity, decreased in Wilson’s disease

A

Ceruloplasmin

46
Q

Transports iron; TF (mg/dL) = TIBC (μg/dL) x 0.7

A

Transferrin

47
Q

Increased level seen in IDA (pseudoparaprotein), may be estimated using TIBC

A

Transferrin

48
Q

Immune response, most abundant complement component

A

C3 complement

49
Q

Binds heme, decreased level in intravascular hemolysis

A

Hemopexin

50
Q

Component of MHC or HLA molecules, used to measure GFR (endogenous), false positive in malignancy

A

B2-microglobulin

51
Q

Gamma migrating globulin, positive APR, enhances phagocytosis in inflammatory disease, increased in inflammatory states

A

C-reactive protein

52
Q

High-sensitive CRP used as a marker for CV risk

A

C-reactive protein

53
Q

Produced by plasma cells, includes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD

A

Immunoglobulins

54
Q

Extra band seen in plasma between beta and gamma, fibrinogen

A

Plasma specimen

55
Q

Extra band seen in hemolyzed serum between α2 and beta, hemoglobin

A

Hemolyzed serum specimen

56
Q

Acute phase reactant, protease inhibitor

A

α1-Antitrypsin

57
Q

Principal fetal protein, increased in spina bifida, neural tube defects, fetal distress, decreased in Down syndrome, trisomy 18, tumor marker in adults (hepatoma, hepatocellular conditions)

A

α1-Fetoprotein

58
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

α1-Acid glycoprotein

59
Q

Transport lipids from the tissues (HDL)

A

α1-Lipoprotein

60
Q

Inhibits serine proteinases

A

α1-Antichymotrypsin

61
Q

Inhibits serine proteinases

A

Inter-α-Trypsin Inhibitor

62
Q

Transports Vitamin D, binds actin, Vitamin D is cholecalciferol

A

Gc-Globulin

63
Q

Acute phase reactant, binds with free hemoglobin released during hemolytic conditions (intravascular)

A

Haptoglobins

64
Q

Acute phase reactant, contains copper, decreased in Wilson’s disease, Menkes syndrome, Kayser Fleischer rings in cornea

A

Ceruloplasmin

65
Q

Inhibits protease, maintains homeostasis and controls enzyme production to avoid imbalance

A

α2-Macroglobulin

66
Q

Transports lipids (endogenous triglycerides in the liver), found between the α2 and β region

A

Pre-β-lipoprotein (VLDL)

67
Q

Transports iron (bone marrow or liver), increased in IDA, decreased in hemochromatosis

A

Transferrin

68
Q

Acute phase reactant, binds heme

A

Hemopexin

69
Q

Transports lipids (dietary, LDL cholesterol)

A

β-Lipoprotein (LDL)

70
Q

Component of HLA molecules (Human Leukocyte Antigen)

A

β2-Microglobulin

71
Q

Immune response, enhances activity of antibodies in eliminating pathogens

A

C4, C3, C1q complement

72
Q

Precursor of fibrin clot, Factor I, found in β region

A

Fibrinogen

73
Q

Acute phase reactant, motivates phagocytosis in inflammation, promotes migration of WBCs to the site of inflammation, first to increase during acute inflammation

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

74
Q

Antibodies predominantly found in the serum of healthy individuals, predominant in secondary (memory) or anamnestic response, smallest antibody, only antibody that can cross the placenta, provides neonatal immunity

A

Immunoglobulin G

75
Q

Antibodies in secretions, provides mucosal immunity, present in colostrum (breastmilk) along with IgG

A

Immunoglobulin A

76
Q

Antibodies in early response, predominant in primary immune response, biggest antibody

A

Immunoglobulin M

77
Q

Antibodies (reagin, allergy), increased in parasitic infection (helminthic)

A

Immunoglobulin E

78
Q

Surface antibody, function not yet fully established

A

Immunoglobulin D

Clinical Chemistry (35 decks)

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